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- =====================================
- FUJITSU FR-V KERNEL ATOMIC OPERATIONS
- =====================================
-
-On the FR-V CPUs, there is only one atomic Read-Modify-Write operation: the SWAP/SWAPI
-instruction. Unfortunately, this alone can't be used to implement the following operations:
-
- (*) Atomic add to memory
-
- (*) Atomic subtract from memory
-
- (*) Atomic bit modification (set, clear or invert)
-
- (*) Atomic compare and exchange
-
-On such CPUs, the standard way of emulating such operations in uniprocessor mode is to disable
-interrupts, but on the FR-V CPUs, modifying the PSR takes a lot of clock cycles, and it has to be
-done twice. This means the CPU runs for a relatively long time with interrupts disabled,
-potentially having a great effect on interrupt latency.
-
-
-=============
-NEW ALGORITHM
-=============
-
-To get around this, the following algorithm has been implemented. It operates in a way similar to
-the LL/SC instruction pairs supported on a number of platforms.
-
- (*) The CCCR.CC3 register is reserved within the kernel to act as an atomic modify abort flag.
-
- (*) In the exception prologues run on kernel->kernel entry, CCCR.CC3 is set to 0 (Undefined
- state).
-
- (*) All atomic operations can then be broken down into the following algorithm:
-
- (1) Set ICC3.Z to true and set CC3 to True (ORCC/CKEQ/ORCR).
-
- (2) Load the value currently in the memory to be modified into a register.
-
- (3) Make changes to the value.
-
- (4) If CC3 is still True, simultaneously and atomically (by VLIW packing):
-
- (a) Store the modified value back to memory.
-
- (b) Set ICC3.Z to false (CORCC on GR29 is sufficient for this - GR29 holds the current
- task pointer in the kernel, and so is guaranteed to be non-zero).
-
- (5) If ICC3.Z is still true, go back to step (1).
-
-This works in a non-SMP environment because any interrupt or other exception that happens between
-steps (1) and (4) will set CC3 to the Undefined, thus aborting the store in (4a), and causing the
-condition in ICC3 to remain with the Z flag set, thus causing step (5) to loop back to step (1).
-
-
-This algorithm suffers from two problems:
-
- (1) The condition CCCR.CC3 is cleared unconditionally by an exception, irrespective of whether or
- not any changes were made to the target memory location during that exception.
-
- (2) The branch from step (5) back to step (1) may have to happen more than once until the store
- manages to take place. In theory, this loop could cycle forever because there are too many
- interrupts coming in, but it's unlikely.
-
-
-=======
-EXAMPLE
-=======
-
-Taking an example from include/asm-frv/atomic.h:
-
- static inline int atomic_add_return(int i, atomic_t *v)
- {
- unsigned long val;
-
- asm("0: \n"
-
-It starts by setting ICC3.Z to true for later use, and also transforming that into CC3 being in the
-True state.
-
- " orcc gr0,gr0,gr0,icc3 \n" <-- (1)
- " ckeq icc3,cc7 \n" <-- (1)
-
-Then it does the load. Note that the final phase of step (1) is done at the same time as the
-load. The VLIW packing ensures they are done simultaneously. The ".p" on the load must not be
-removed without swapping the order of these two instructions.
-
- " ld.p %M0,%1 \n" <-- (2)
- " orcr cc7,cc7,cc3 \n" <-- (1)
-
-Then the proposed modification is generated. Note that the old value can be retained if required
-(such as in test_and_set_bit()).
-
- " add%I2 %1,%2,%1 \n" <-- (3)
-
-Then it attempts to store the value back, contingent on no exception having cleared CC3 since it
-was set to True.
-
- " cst.p %1,%M0 ,cc3,#1 \n" <-- (4a)
-
-It simultaneously records the success or failure of the store in ICC3.Z.
-
- " corcc gr29,gr29,gr0 ,cc3,#1 \n" <-- (4b)
-
-Such that the branch can then be taken if the operation was aborted.
-
- " beq icc3,#0,0b \n" <-- (5)
- : "+U"(v->counter), "=&r"(val)
- : "NPr"(i)
- : "memory", "cc7", "cc3", "icc3"
- );
-
- return val;
- }
-
-
-=============
-CONFIGURATION
-=============
-
-The atomic ops implementation can be made inline or out-of-line by changing the
-CONFIG_FRV_OUTOFLINE_ATOMIC_OPS configuration variable. Making it out-of-line has a number of
-advantages:
-
- - The resulting kernel image may be smaller
- - Debugging is easier as atomic ops can just be stepped over and they can be breakpointed
-
-Keeping it inline also has a number of advantages:
-
- - The resulting kernel may be Faster
- - no out-of-line function calls need to be made
- - the compiler doesn't have half its registers clobbered by making a call
-
-The out-of-line implementations live in arch/frv/lib/atomic-ops.S.