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authorGreg KH <greg@press.(none)>2005-10-28 10:13:16 -0700
committerGreg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>2005-10-28 10:13:16 -0700
commit6fbfddcb52d8d9fa2cd209f5ac2a1c87497d55b5 (patch)
treec0414e89678fcef7ce3493e048d855bde781ae8d /Documentation
parent1a222bca26ca691e83be1b08f5e96ae96d0d8cae (diff)
parent27d1097d39509494706eaa2620ef3b1e780a3224 (diff)
downloadlinux-6fbfddcb52d8d9fa2cd209f5ac2a1c87497d55b5.tar.bz2
Merge ../bleed-2.6
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
-rw-r--r--Documentation/DocBook/libata.tmpl1072
-rw-r--r--Documentation/block/biodoc.txt113
-rw-r--r--Documentation/networking/bonding.txt5
3 files changed, 1127 insertions, 63 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/libata.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/libata.tmpl
index 375ae760dc1e..d260d92089ad 100644
--- a/Documentation/DocBook/libata.tmpl
+++ b/Documentation/DocBook/libata.tmpl
@@ -415,6 +415,362 @@ and other resources, etc.
</sect1>
</chapter>
+ <chapter id="libataEH">
+ <title>Error handling</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This chapter describes how errors are handled under libata.
+ Readers are advised to read SCSI EH
+ (Documentation/scsi/scsi_eh.txt) and ATA exceptions doc first.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1><title>Origins of commands</title>
+ <para>
+ In libata, a command is represented with struct ata_queued_cmd
+ or qc. qc's are preallocated during port initialization and
+ repetitively used for command executions. Currently only one
+ qc is allocated per port but yet-to-be-merged NCQ branch
+ allocates one for each tag and maps each qc to NCQ tag 1-to-1.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ libata commands can originate from two sources - libata itself
+ and SCSI midlayer. libata internal commands are used for
+ initialization and error handling. All normal blk requests
+ and commands for SCSI emulation are passed as SCSI commands
+ through queuecommand callback of SCSI host template.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>How commands are issued</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>Internal commands</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ First, qc is allocated and initialized using
+ ata_qc_new_init(). Although ata_qc_new_init() doesn't
+ implement any wait or retry mechanism when qc is not
+ available, internal commands are currently issued only during
+ initialization and error recovery, so no other command is
+ active and allocation is guaranteed to succeed.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Once allocated qc's taskfile is initialized for the command to
+ be executed. qc currently has two mechanisms to notify
+ completion. One is via qc->complete_fn() callback and the
+ other is completion qc->waiting. qc->complete_fn() callback
+ is the asynchronous path used by normal SCSI translated
+ commands and qc->waiting is the synchronous (issuer sleeps in
+ process context) path used by internal commands.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Once initialization is complete, host_set lock is acquired
+ and the qc is issued.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>SCSI commands</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ All libata drivers use ata_scsi_queuecmd() as
+ hostt->queuecommand callback. scmds can either be simulated
+ or translated. No qc is involved in processing a simulated
+ scmd. The result is computed right away and the scmd is
+ completed.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ For a translated scmd, ata_qc_new_init() is invoked to
+ allocate a qc and the scmd is translated into the qc. SCSI
+ midlayer's completion notification function pointer is stored
+ into qc->scsidone.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ qc->complete_fn() callback is used for completion
+ notification. ATA commands use ata_scsi_qc_complete() while
+ ATAPI commands use atapi_qc_complete(). Both functions end up
+ calling qc->scsidone to notify upper layer when the qc is
+ finished. After translation is completed, the qc is issued
+ with ata_qc_issue().
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Note that SCSI midlayer invokes hostt->queuecommand while
+ holding host_set lock, so all above occur while holding
+ host_set lock.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>How commands are processed</title>
+ <para>
+ Depending on which protocol and which controller are used,
+ commands are processed differently. For the purpose of
+ discussion, a controller which uses taskfile interface and all
+ standard callbacks is assumed.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Currently 6 ATA command protocols are used. They can be
+ sorted into the following four categories according to how
+ they are processed.
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry><term>ATA NO DATA or DMA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ATA_PROT_NODATA and ATA_PROT_DMA fall into this category.
+ These types of commands don't require any software
+ intervention once issued. Device will raise interrupt on
+ completion.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>ATA PIO</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ATA_PROT_PIO is in this category. libata currently
+ implements PIO with polling. ATA_NIEN bit is set to turn
+ off interrupt and pio_task on ata_wq performs polling and
+ IO.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>ATAPI NODATA or DMA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ATA_PROT_ATAPI_NODATA and ATA_PROT_ATAPI_DMA are in this
+ category. packet_task is used to poll BSY bit after
+ issuing PACKET command. Once BSY is turned off by the
+ device, packet_task transfers CDB and hands off processing
+ to interrupt handler.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>ATAPI PIO</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ATA_PROT_ATAPI is in this category. ATA_NIEN bit is set
+ and, as in ATAPI NODATA or DMA, packet_task submits cdb.
+ However, after submitting cdb, further processing (data
+ transfer) is handed off to pio_task.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>How commands are completed</title>
+ <para>
+ Once issued, all qc's are either completed with
+ ata_qc_complete() or time out. For commands which are handled
+ by interrupts, ata_host_intr() invokes ata_qc_complete(), and,
+ for PIO tasks, pio_task invokes ata_qc_complete(). In error
+ cases, packet_task may also complete commands.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ ata_qc_complete() does the following.
+ </para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ DMA memory is unmapped.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ATA_QCFLAG_ACTIVE is clared from qc->flags.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ qc->complete_fn() callback is invoked. If the return value of
+ the callback is not zero. Completion is short circuited and
+ ata_qc_complete() returns.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ __ata_qc_complete() is called, which does
+ <orderedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ qc->flags is cleared to zero.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ap->active_tag and qc->tag are poisoned.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ qc->waiting is claread &amp; completed (in that order).
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ qc is deallocated by clearing appropriate bit in ap->qactive.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </orderedlist>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ So, it basically notifies upper layer and deallocates qc. One
+ exception is short-circuit path in #3 which is used by
+ atapi_qc_complete().
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ For all non-ATAPI commands, whether it fails or not, almost
+ the same code path is taken and very little error handling
+ takes place. A qc is completed with success status if it
+ succeeded, with failed status otherwise.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ However, failed ATAPI commands require more handling as
+ REQUEST SENSE is needed to acquire sense data. If an ATAPI
+ command fails, ata_qc_complete() is invoked with error status,
+ which in turn invokes atapi_qc_complete() via
+ qc->complete_fn() callback.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ This makes atapi_qc_complete() set scmd->result to
+ SAM_STAT_CHECK_CONDITION, complete the scmd and return 1. As
+ the sense data is empty but scmd->result is CHECK CONDITION,
+ SCSI midlayer will invoke EH for the scmd, and returning 1
+ makes ata_qc_complete() to return without deallocating the qc.
+ This leads us to ata_scsi_error() with partially completed qc.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>ata_scsi_error()</title>
+ <para>
+ ata_scsi_error() is the current hostt->eh_strategy_handler()
+ for libata. As discussed above, this will be entered in two
+ cases - timeout and ATAPI error completion. This function
+ calls low level libata driver's eng_timeout() callback, the
+ standard callback for which is ata_eng_timeout(). It checks
+ if a qc is active and calls ata_qc_timeout() on the qc if so.
+ Actual error handling occurs in ata_qc_timeout().
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ If EH is invoked for timeout, ata_qc_timeout() stops BMDMA and
+ completes the qc. Note that as we're currently in EH, we
+ cannot call scsi_done. As described in SCSI EH doc, a
+ recovered scmd should be either retried with
+ scsi_queue_insert() or finished with scsi_finish_command().
+ Here, we override qc->scsidone with scsi_finish_command() and
+ calls ata_qc_complete().
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ If EH is invoked due to a failed ATAPI qc, the qc here is
+ completed but not deallocated. The purpose of this
+ half-completion is to use the qc as place holder to make EH
+ code reach this place. This is a bit hackish, but it works.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Once control reaches here, the qc is deallocated by invoking
+ __ata_qc_complete() explicitly. Then, internal qc for REQUEST
+ SENSE is issued. Once sense data is acquired, scmd is
+ finished by directly invoking scsi_finish_command() on the
+ scmd. Note that as we already have completed and deallocated
+ the qc which was associated with the scmd, we don't need
+ to/cannot call ata_qc_complete() again.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1><title>Problems with the current EH</title>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Error representation is too crude. Currently any and all
+ error conditions are represented with ATA STATUS and ERROR
+ registers. Errors which aren't ATA device errors are treated
+ as ATA device errors by setting ATA_ERR bit. Better error
+ descriptor which can properly represent ATA and other
+ errors/exceptions is needed.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ When handling timeouts, no action is taken to make device
+ forget about the timed out command and ready for new commands.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ EH handling via ata_scsi_error() is not properly protected
+ from usual command processing. On EH entrance, the device is
+ not in quiescent state. Timed out commands may succeed or
+ fail any time. pio_task and atapi_task may still be running.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Too weak error recovery. Devices / controllers causing HSM
+ mismatch errors and other errors quite often require reset to
+ return to known state. Also, advanced error handling is
+ necessary to support features like NCQ and hotplug.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ATA errors are directly handled in the interrupt handler and
+ PIO errors in pio_task. This is problematic for advanced
+ error handling for the following reasons.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ First, advanced error handling often requires context and
+ internal qc execution.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Second, even a simple failure (say, CRC error) needs
+ information gathering and could trigger complex error handling
+ (say, resetting &amp; reconfiguring). Having multiple code
+ paths to gather information, enter EH and trigger actions
+ makes life painful.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Third, scattered EH code makes implementing low level drivers
+ difficult. Low level drivers override libata callbacks. If
+ EH is scattered over several places, each affected callbacks
+ should perform its part of error handling. This can be error
+ prone and painful.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
<chapter id="libataExt">
<title>libata Library</title>
!Edrivers/scsi/libata-core.c
@@ -431,6 +787,722 @@ and other resources, etc.
!Idrivers/scsi/libata-scsi.c
</chapter>
+ <chapter id="ataExceptions">
+ <title>ATA errors &amp; exceptions</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This chapter tries to identify what error/exception conditions exist
+ for ATA/ATAPI devices and describe how they should be handled in
+ implementation-neutral way.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The term 'error' is used to describe conditions where either an
+ explicit error condition is reported from device or a command has
+ timed out.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The term 'exception' is either used to describe exceptional
+ conditions which are not errors (say, power or hotplug events), or
+ to describe both errors and non-error exceptional conditions. Where
+ explicit distinction between error and exception is necessary, the
+ term 'non-error exception' is used.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1 id="excat">
+ <title>Exception categories</title>
+ <para>
+ Exceptions are described primarily with respect to legacy
+ taskfile + bus master IDE interface. If a controller provides
+ other better mechanism for error reporting, mapping those into
+ categories described below shouldn't be difficult.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the following sections, two recovery actions - reset and
+ reconfiguring transport - are mentioned. These are described
+ further in <xref linkend="exrec"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatHSMviolation">
+ <title>HSM violation</title>
+ <para>
+ This error is indicated when STATUS value doesn't match HSM
+ requirement during issuing or excution any ATA/ATAPI command.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <title>Examples</title>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ATA_STATUS doesn't contain !BSY &amp;&amp; DRDY &amp;&amp; !DRQ while trying
+ to issue a command.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ !BSY &amp;&amp; !DRQ during PIO data transfer.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ DRQ on command completion.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ !BSY &amp;&amp; ERR after CDB tranfer starts but before the
+ last byte of CDB is transferred. ATA/ATAPI standard states
+ that &quot;The device shall not terminate the PACKET command
+ with an error before the last byte of the command packet has
+ been written&quot; in the error outputs description of PACKET
+ command and the state diagram doesn't include such
+ transitions.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ In these cases, HSM is violated and not much information
+ regarding the error can be acquired from STATUS or ERROR
+ register. IOW, this error can be anything - driver bug,
+ faulty device, controller and/or cable.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As HSM is violated, reset is necessary to restore known state.
+ Reconfiguring transport for lower speed might be helpful too
+ as transmission errors sometimes cause this kind of errors.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatDevErr">
+ <title>ATA/ATAPI device error (non-NCQ / non-CHECK CONDITION)</title>
+
+ <para>
+ These are errors detected and reported by ATA/ATAPI devices
+ indicating device problems. For this type of errors, STATUS
+ and ERROR register values are valid and describe error
+ condition. Note that some of ATA bus errors are detected by
+ ATA/ATAPI devices and reported using the same mechanism as
+ device errors. Those cases are described later in this
+ section.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For ATA commands, this type of errors are indicated by !BSY
+ &amp;&amp; ERR during command execution and on completion.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>For ATAPI commands,</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ !BSY &amp;&amp; ERR &amp;&amp; ABRT right after issuing PACKET
+ indicates that PACKET command is not supported and falls in
+ this category.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ !BSY &amp;&amp; ERR(==CHK) &amp;&amp; !ABRT after the last
+ byte of CDB is transferred indicates CHECK CONDITION and
+ doesn't fall in this category.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ !BSY &amp;&amp; ERR(==CHK) &amp;&amp; ABRT after the last byte
+ of CDB is transferred *probably* indicates CHECK CONDITION and
+ doesn't fall in this category.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ Of errors detected as above, the followings are not ATA/ATAPI
+ device errors but ATA bus errors and should be handled
+ according to <xref linkend="excatATAbusErr"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>CRC error during data transfer</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is indicated by ICRC bit in the ERROR register and
+ means that corruption occurred during data transfer. Upto
+ ATA/ATAPI-7, the standard specifies that this bit is only
+ applicable to UDMA transfers but ATA/ATAPI-8 draft revision
+ 1f says that the bit may be applicable to multiword DMA and
+ PIO.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>ABRT error during data transfer or on completion</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Upto ATA/ATAPI-7, the standard specifies that ABRT could be
+ set on ICRC errors and on cases where a device is not able
+ to complete a command. Combined with the fact that MWDMA
+ and PIO transfer errors aren't allowed to use ICRC bit upto
+ ATA/ATAPI-7, it seems to imply that ABRT bit alone could
+ indicate tranfer errors.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ However, ATA/ATAPI-8 draft revision 1f removes the part
+ that ICRC errors can turn on ABRT. So, this is kind of
+ gray area. Some heuristics are needed here.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+
+ <para>
+ ATA/ATAPI device errors can be further categorized as follows.
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Media errors</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is indicated by UNC bit in the ERROR register. ATA
+ devices reports UNC error only after certain number of
+ retries cannot recover the data, so there's nothing much
+ else to do other than notifying upper layer.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ READ and WRITE commands report CHS or LBA of the first
+ failed sector but ATA/ATAPI standard specifies that the
+ amount of transferred data on error completion is
+ indeterminate, so we cannot assume that sectors preceding
+ the failed sector have been transferred and thus cannot
+ complete those sectors successfully as SCSI does.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Media changed / media change requested error</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ &lt;&lt;TODO: fill here&gt;&gt;
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>Address error</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is indicated by IDNF bit in the ERROR register.
+ Report to upper layer.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>Other errors</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This can be invalid command or parameter indicated by ABRT
+ ERROR bit or some other error condition. Note that ABRT
+ bit can indicate a lot of things including ICRC and Address
+ errors. Heuristics needed.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+
+ <para>
+ Depending on commands, not all STATUS/ERROR bits are
+ applicable. These non-applicable bits are marked with
+ &quot;na&quot; in the output descriptions but upto ATA/ATAPI-7
+ no definition of &quot;na&quot; can be found. However,
+ ATA/ATAPI-8 draft revision 1f describes &quot;N/A&quot; as
+ follows.
+ </para>
+
+ <blockquote>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry><term>3.2.3.3a N/A</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ A keyword the indicates a field has no defined value in
+ this standard and should not be checked by the host or
+ device. N/A fields should be cleared to zero.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ <para>
+ So, it seems reasonable to assume that &quot;na&quot; bits are
+ cleared to zero by devices and thus need no explicit masking.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatATAPIcc">
+ <title>ATAPI device CHECK CONDITION</title>
+
+ <para>
+ ATAPI device CHECK CONDITION error is indicated by set CHK bit
+ (ERR bit) in the STATUS register after the last byte of CDB is
+ transferred for a PACKET command. For this kind of errors,
+ sense data should be acquired to gather information regarding
+ the errors. REQUEST SENSE packet command should be used to
+ acquire sense data.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Once sense data is acquired, this type of errors can be
+ handled similary to other SCSI errors. Note that sense data
+ may indicate ATA bus error (e.g. Sense Key 04h HARDWARE ERROR
+ &amp;&amp; ASC/ASCQ 47h/00h SCSI PARITY ERROR). In such
+ cases, the error should be considered as an ATA bus error and
+ handled according to <xref linkend="excatATAbusErr"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatNCQerr">
+ <title>ATA device error (NCQ)</title>
+
+ <para>
+ NCQ command error is indicated by cleared BSY and set ERR bit
+ during NCQ command phase (one or more NCQ commands
+ outstanding). Although STATUS and ERROR registers will
+ contain valid values describing the error, READ LOG EXT is
+ required to clear the error condition, determine which command
+ has failed and acquire more information.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ READ LOG EXT Log Page 10h reports which tag has failed and
+ taskfile register values describing the error. With this
+ information the failed command can be handled as a normal ATA
+ command error as in <xref linkend="excatDevErr"/> and all
+ other in-flight commands must be retried. Note that this
+ retry should not be counted - it's likely that commands
+ retried this way would have completed normally if it were not
+ for the failed command.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that ATA bus errors can be reported as ATA device NCQ
+ errors. This should be handled as described in <xref
+ linkend="excatATAbusErr"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If READ LOG EXT Log Page 10h fails or reports NQ, we're
+ thoroughly screwed. This condition should be treated
+ according to <xref linkend="excatHSMviolation"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatATAbusErr">
+ <title>ATA bus error</title>
+
+ <para>
+ ATA bus error means that data corruption occurred during
+ transmission over ATA bus (SATA or PATA). This type of errors
+ can be indicated by
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ICRC or ABRT error as described in <xref linkend="excatDevErr"/>.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Controller-specific error completion with error information
+ indicating transmission error.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ On some controllers, command timeout. In this case, there may
+ be a mechanism to determine that the timeout is due to
+ transmission error.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Unknown/random errors, timeouts and all sorts of weirdities.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ As described above, transmission errors can cause wide variety
+ of symptoms ranging from device ICRC error to random device
+ lockup, and, for many cases, there is no way to tell if an
+ error condition is due to transmission error or not;
+ therefore, it's necessary to employ some kind of heuristic
+ when dealing with errors and timeouts. For example,
+ encountering repetitive ABRT errors for known supported
+ command is likely to indicate ATA bus error.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Once it's determined that ATA bus errors have possibly
+ occurred, lowering ATA bus transmission speed is one of
+ actions which may alleviate the problem. See <xref
+ linkend="exrecReconf"/> for more information.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatPCIbusErr">
+ <title>PCI bus error</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Data corruption or other failures during transmission over PCI
+ (or other system bus). For standard BMDMA, this is indicated
+ by Error bit in the BMDMA Status register. This type of
+ errors must be logged as it indicates something is very wrong
+ with the system. Resetting host controller is recommended.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatLateCompletion">
+ <title>Late completion</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This occurs when timeout occurs and the timeout handler finds
+ out that the timed out command has completed successfully or
+ with error. This is usually caused by lost interrupts. This
+ type of errors must be logged. Resetting host controller is
+ recommended.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatUnknown">
+ <title>Unknown error (timeout)</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This is when timeout occurs and the command is still
+ processing or the host and device are in unknown state. When
+ this occurs, HSM could be in any valid or invalid state. To
+ bring the device to known state and make it forget about the
+ timed out command, resetting is necessary. The timed out
+ command may be retried.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Timeouts can also be caused by transmission errors. Refer to
+ <xref linkend="excatATAbusErr"/> for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatHoplugPM">
+ <title>Hotplug and power management exceptions</title>
+
+ <para>
+ &lt;&lt;TODO: fill here&gt;&gt;
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="exrec">
+ <title>EH recovery actions</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This section discusses several important recovery actions.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2 id="exrecClr">
+ <title>Clearing error condition</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Many controllers require its error registers to be cleared by
+ error handler. Different controllers may have different
+ requirements.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For SATA, it's strongly recommended to clear at least SError
+ register during error handling.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="exrecRst">
+ <title>Reset</title>
+
+ <para>
+ During EH, resetting is necessary in the following cases.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ HSM is in unknown or invalid state
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ HBA is in unknown or invalid state
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ EH needs to make HBA/device forget about in-flight commands
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ HBA/device behaves weirdly
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ Resetting during EH might be a good idea regardless of error
+ condition to improve EH robustness. Whether to reset both or
+ either one of HBA and device depends on situation but the
+ following scheme is recommended.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ When it's known that HBA is in ready state but ATA/ATAPI
+ device in in unknown state, reset only device.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ If HBA is in unknown state, reset both HBA and device.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ HBA resetting is implementation specific. For a controller
+ complying to taskfile/BMDMA PCI IDE, stopping active DMA
+ transaction may be sufficient iff BMDMA state is the only HBA
+ context. But even mostly taskfile/BMDMA PCI IDE complying
+ controllers may have implementation specific requirements and
+ mechanism to reset themselves. This must be addressed by
+ specific drivers.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ OTOH, ATA/ATAPI standard describes in detail ways to reset
+ ATA/ATAPI devices.
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>PATA hardware reset</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is hardware initiated device reset signalled with
+ asserted PATA RESET- signal. There is no standard way to
+ initiate hardware reset from software although some
+ hardware provides registers that allow driver to directly
+ tweak the RESET- signal.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>Software reset</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is achieved by turning CONTROL SRST bit on for at
+ least 5us. Both PATA and SATA support it but, in case of
+ SATA, this may require controller-specific support as the
+ second Register FIS to clear SRST should be transmitted
+ while BSY bit is still set. Note that on PATA, this resets
+ both master and slave devices on a channel.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>EXECUTE DEVICE DIAGNOSTIC command</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Although ATA/ATAPI standard doesn't describe exactly, EDD
+ implies some level of resetting, possibly similar level
+ with software reset. Host-side EDD protocol can be handled
+ with normal command processing and most SATA controllers
+ should be able to handle EDD's just like other commands.
+ As in software reset, EDD affects both devices on a PATA
+ bus.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Although EDD does reset devices, this doesn't suit error
+ handling as EDD cannot be issued while BSY is set and it's
+ unclear how it will act when device is in unknown/weird
+ state.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>ATAPI DEVICE RESET command</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is very similar to software reset except that reset
+ can be restricted to the selected device without affecting
+ the other device sharing the cable.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>SATA phy reset</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is the preferred way of resetting a SATA device. In
+ effect, it's identical to PATA hardware reset. Note that
+ this can be done with the standard SCR Control register.
+ As such, it's usually easier to implement than software
+ reset.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+
+ <para>
+ One more thing to consider when resetting devices is that
+ resetting clears certain configuration parameters and they
+ need to be set to their previous or newly adjusted values
+ after reset.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Parameters affected are.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ CHS set up with INITIALIZE DEVICE PARAMETERS (seldomly used)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Parameters set with SET FEATURES including transfer mode setting
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Block count set with SET MULTIPLE MODE
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Other parameters (SET MAX, MEDIA LOCK...)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ ATA/ATAPI standard specifies that some parameters must be
+ maintained across hardware or software reset, but doesn't
+ strictly specify all of them. Always reconfiguring needed
+ parameters after reset is required for robustness. Note that
+ this also applies when resuming from deep sleep (power-off).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Also, ATA/ATAPI standard requires that IDENTIFY DEVICE /
+ IDENTIFY PACKET DEVICE is issued after any configuration
+ parameter is updated or a hardware reset and the result used
+ for further operation. OS driver is required to implement
+ revalidation mechanism to support this.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="exrecReconf">
+ <title>Reconfigure transport</title>
+
+ <para>
+ For both PATA and SATA, a lot of corners are cut for cheap
+ connectors, cables or controllers and it's quite common to see
+ high transmission error rate. This can be mitigated by
+ lowering transmission speed.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The following is a possible scheme Jeff Garzik suggested.
+ </para>
+
+ <blockquote>
+ <para>
+ If more than $N (3?) transmission errors happen in 15 minutes,
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ if SATA, decrease SATA PHY speed. if speed cannot be decreased,
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ decrease UDMA xfer speed. if at UDMA0, switch to PIO4,
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ decrease PIO xfer speed. if at PIO3, complain, but continue
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
<chapter id="PiixInt">
<title>ata_piix Internals</title>
!Idrivers/scsi/ata_piix.c
diff --git a/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt b/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt
index 6dd274d7e1cf..2d65c2182161 100644
--- a/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/block/biodoc.txt
@@ -906,9 +906,20 @@ Aside:
4. The I/O scheduler
-I/O schedulers are now per queue. They should be runtime switchable and modular
-but aren't yet. Jens has most bits to do this, but the sysfs implementation is
-missing.
+I/O scheduler, a.k.a. elevator, is implemented in two layers. Generic dispatch
+queue and specific I/O schedulers. Unless stated otherwise, elevator is used
+to refer to both parts and I/O scheduler to specific I/O schedulers.
+
+Block layer implements generic dispatch queue in ll_rw_blk.c and elevator.c.
+The generic dispatch queue is responsible for properly ordering barrier
+requests, requeueing, handling non-fs requests and all other subtleties.
+
+Specific I/O schedulers are responsible for ordering normal filesystem
+requests. They can also choose to delay certain requests to improve
+throughput or whatever purpose. As the plural form indicates, there are
+multiple I/O schedulers. They can be built as modules but at least one should
+be built inside the kernel. Each queue can choose different one and can also
+change to another one dynamically.
A block layer call to the i/o scheduler follows the convention elv_xxx(). This
calls elevator_xxx_fn in the elevator switch (drivers/block/elevator.c). Oh,
@@ -921,44 +932,36 @@ keeping work.
The functions an elevator may implement are: (* are mandatory)
elevator_merge_fn called to query requests for merge with a bio
-elevator_merge_req_fn " " " with another request
+elevator_merge_req_fn called when two requests get merged. the one
+ which gets merged into the other one will be
+ never seen by I/O scheduler again. IOW, after
+ being merged, the request is gone.
elevator_merged_fn called when a request in the scheduler has been
involved in a merge. It is used in the deadline
scheduler for example, to reposition the request
if its sorting order has changed.
-*elevator_next_req_fn returns the next scheduled request, or NULL
- if there are none (or none are ready).
+elevator_dispatch_fn fills the dispatch queue with ready requests.
+ I/O schedulers are free to postpone requests by
+ not filling the dispatch queue unless @force
+ is non-zero. Once dispatched, I/O schedulers
+ are not allowed to manipulate the requests -
+ they belong to generic dispatch queue.
-*elevator_add_req_fn called to add a new request into the scheduler
+elevator_add_req_fn called to add a new request into the scheduler
elevator_queue_empty_fn returns true if the merge queue is empty.
Drivers shouldn't use this, but rather check
if elv_next_request is NULL (without losing the
request if one exists!)
-elevator_remove_req_fn This is called when a driver claims ownership of
- the target request - it now belongs to the
- driver. It must not be modified or merged.
- Drivers must not lose the request! A subsequent
- call of elevator_next_req_fn must return the
- _next_ request.
-
-elevator_requeue_req_fn called to add a request to the scheduler. This
- is used when the request has alrnadebeen
- returned by elv_next_request, but hasn't
- completed. If this is not implemented then
- elevator_add_req_fn is called instead.
-
elevator_former_req_fn
elevator_latter_req_fn These return the request before or after the
one specified in disk sort order. Used by the
block layer to find merge possibilities.
-elevator_completed_req_fn called when a request is completed. This might
- come about due to being merged with another or
- when the device completes the request.
+elevator_completed_req_fn called when a request is completed.
elevator_may_queue_fn returns true if the scheduler wants to allow the
current context to queue a new request even if
@@ -967,13 +970,33 @@ elevator_may_queue_fn returns true if the scheduler wants to allow the
elevator_set_req_fn
elevator_put_req_fn Must be used to allocate and free any elevator
- specific storate for a request.
+ specific storage for a request.
+
+elevator_activate_req_fn Called when device driver first sees a request.
+ I/O schedulers can use this callback to
+ determine when actual execution of a request
+ starts.
+elevator_deactivate_req_fn Called when device driver decides to delay
+ a request by requeueing it.
elevator_init_fn
elevator_exit_fn Allocate and free any elevator specific storage
for a queue.
-4.2 I/O scheduler implementation
+4.2 Request flows seen by I/O schedulers
+All requests seens by I/O schedulers strictly follow one of the following three
+flows.
+
+ set_req_fn ->
+
+ i. add_req_fn -> (merged_fn ->)* -> dispatch_fn -> activate_req_fn ->
+ (deactivate_req_fn -> activate_req_fn ->)* -> completed_req_fn
+ ii. add_req_fn -> (merged_fn ->)* -> merge_req_fn
+ iii. [none]
+
+ -> put_req_fn
+
+4.3 I/O scheduler implementation
The generic i/o scheduler algorithm attempts to sort/merge/batch requests for
optimal disk scan and request servicing performance (based on generic
principles and device capabilities), optimized for:
@@ -993,18 +1016,7 @@ request in sort order to prevent binary tree lookups.
This arrangement is not a generic block layer characteristic however, so
elevators may implement queues as they please.
-ii. Last merge hint
-The last merge hint is part of the generic queue layer. I/O schedulers must do
-some management on it. For the most part, the most important thing is to make
-sure q->last_merge is cleared (set to NULL) when the request on it is no longer
-a candidate for merging (for example if it has been sent to the driver).
-
-The last merge performed is cached as a hint for the subsequent request. If
-sequential data is being submitted, the hint is used to perform merges without
-any scanning. This is not sufficient when there are multiple processes doing
-I/O though, so a "merge hash" is used by some schedulers.
-
-iii. Merge hash
+ii. Merge hash
AS and deadline use a hash table indexed by the last sector of a request. This
enables merging code to quickly look up "back merge" candidates, even when
multiple I/O streams are being performed at once on one disk.
@@ -1013,29 +1025,8 @@ multiple I/O streams are being performed at once on one disk.
are far less common than "back merges" due to the nature of most I/O patterns.
Front merges are handled by the binary trees in AS and deadline schedulers.
-iv. Handling barrier cases
-A request with flags REQ_HARDBARRIER or REQ_SOFTBARRIER must not be ordered
-around. That is, they must be processed after all older requests, and before
-any newer ones. This includes merges!
-
-In AS and deadline schedulers, barriers have the effect of flushing the reorder
-queue. The performance cost of this will vary from nothing to a lot depending
-on i/o patterns and device characteristics. Obviously they won't improve
-performance, so their use should be kept to a minimum.
-
-v. Handling insertion position directives
-A request may be inserted with a position directive. The directives are one of
-ELEVATOR_INSERT_BACK, ELEVATOR_INSERT_FRONT, ELEVATOR_INSERT_SORT.
-
-ELEVATOR_INSERT_SORT is a general directive for non-barrier requests.
-ELEVATOR_INSERT_BACK is used to insert a barrier to the back of the queue.
-ELEVATOR_INSERT_FRONT is used to insert a barrier to the front of the queue, and
-overrides the ordering requested by any previous barriers. In practice this is
-harmless and required, because it is used for SCSI requeueing. This does not
-require flushing the reorder queue, so does not impose a performance penalty.
-
-vi. Plugging the queue to batch requests in anticipation of opportunities for
- merge/sort optimizations
+iii. Plugging the queue to batch requests in anticipation of opportunities for
+ merge/sort optimizations
This is just the same as in 2.4 so far, though per-device unplugging
support is anticipated for 2.5. Also with a priority-based i/o scheduler,
@@ -1069,7 +1060,7 @@ Aside:
blk_kick_queue() to unplug a specific queue (right away ?)
or optionally, all queues, is in the plan.
-4.3 I/O contexts
+4.4 I/O contexts
I/O contexts provide a dynamically allocated per process data area. They may
be used in I/O schedulers, and in the block layer (could be used for IO statis,
priorities for example). See *io_context in drivers/block/ll_rw_blk.c, and
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt b/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
index a55f0f95b171..b0fe41da007b 100644
--- a/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
+++ b/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ doing so is the same as described in the "Configuring Multiple Bonds
Manually" section, below.
NOTE: It has been observed that some Red Hat supplied kernels
-are apparently unable to rename modules at load time (the "-obonding1"
+are apparently unable to rename modules at load time (the "-o bond1"
part). Attempts to pass that option to modprobe will produce an
"Operation not permitted" error. This has been reported on some
Fedora Core kernels, and has been seen on RHEL 4 as well. On kernels
@@ -883,7 +883,8 @@ the above does not work, and the second bonding instance never sees
its options. In that case, the second options line can be substituted
as follows:
-install bonding1 /sbin/modprobe bonding -obond1 mode=balance-alb miimon=50
+install bond1 /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install bonding -o bond1 \
+ mode=balance-alb miimon=50
This may be repeated any number of times, specifying a new and
unique name in place of bond1 for each subsequent instance.