summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/Documentation/DocBook/media/v4l/common.xml
blob: 71f6bf9e735e89067902618ebea4b22035a892df (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
  <title>Common API Elements</title>

  <para>Programming a V4L2 device consists of these
steps:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>Opening the device</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>Changing device properties, selecting a video and audio
input, video standard, picture brightness a.&nbsp;o.</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>Negotiating a data format</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>Negotiating an input/output method</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>The actual input/output loop</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>Closing the device</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>In practice most steps are optional and can be executed out of
order. It depends on the V4L2 device type, you can read about the
details in <xref linkend="devices" />. In this chapter we will discuss
the basic concepts applicable to all devices.</para>

  <section id="open">
    <title>Opening and Closing Devices</title>

    <section>
      <title>Device Naming</title>

      <para>V4L2 drivers are implemented as kernel modules, loaded
manually by the system administrator or automatically when a device is
first discovered. The driver modules plug into the "videodev" kernel
module. It provides helper functions and a common application
interface specified in this document.</para>

      <para>Each driver thus loaded registers one or more device nodes
with major number 81 and a minor number between 0 and 255. Minor numbers
are allocated dynamically unless the kernel is compiled with the kernel
option CONFIG_VIDEO_FIXED_MINOR_RANGES. In that case minor numbers are
allocated in ranges depending on the device node type (video, radio, etc.).</para>

      <para>Many drivers support "video_nr", "radio_nr" or "vbi_nr"
module options to select specific video/radio/vbi node numbers. This allows
the user to request that the device node is named e.g. /dev/video5 instead
of leaving it to chance. When the driver supports multiple devices of the same
type more than one device node number can be assigned, separated by commas:
	<informalexample>
	  <screen>
&gt; modprobe mydriver video_nr=0,1 radio_nr=0,1</screen>
	</informalexample></para>

      <para>In <filename>/etc/modules.conf</filename> this may be
written as: <informalexample>
	  <screen>
options mydriver video_nr=0,1 radio_nr=0,1
	  </screen>
	</informalexample> When no device node number is given as module
option the driver supplies a default.</para>

      <para>Normally udev will create the device nodes in /dev automatically
for you. If udev is not installed, then you need to enable the
CONFIG_VIDEO_FIXED_MINOR_RANGES kernel option in order to be able to correctly
relate a minor number to a device node number. I.e., you need to be certain
that minor number 5 maps to device node name video5. With this kernel option
different device types have different minor number ranges. These ranges are
listed in <xref linkend="devices" />.
</para>

      <para>The creation of character special files (with
<application>mknod</application>) is a privileged operation and
devices cannot be opened by major and minor number. That means
applications cannot <emphasis>reliable</emphasis> scan for loaded or
installed drivers. The user must enter a device name, or the
application can try the conventional device names.</para>
    </section>

    <section id="related">
      <title>Related Devices</title>

      <para>Devices can support several functions. For example
video capturing, VBI capturing and radio support.</para>

      <para>The V4L2 API creates different nodes for each of these functions.</para>

      <para>The V4L2 API was designed with the idea that one device node could support
all functions. However, in practice this never worked: this 'feature'
was never used by applications and many drivers did not support it and if
they did it was certainly never tested. In addition, switching a device
node between different functions only works when using the streaming I/O
API, not with the read()/write() API.</para>

      <para>Today each device node supports just one function.</para>

      <para>Besides video input or output the hardware may also
support audio sampling or playback. If so, these functions are
implemented as ALSA PCM devices with optional ALSA audio mixer
devices.</para>

      <para>One problem with all these devices is that the V4L2 API
makes no provisions to find these related devices. Some really
complex devices use the Media Controller (see <xref linkend="media_controller" />)
which can be used for this purpose. But most drivers do not use it,
and while some code exists that uses sysfs to discover related devices
(see libmedia_dev in the <ulink url="http://git.linuxtv.org/v4l-utils/">v4l-utils</ulink>
git repository), there is no library yet that can provide a single API towards
both Media Controller-based devices and devices that do not use the Media Controller.
If you want to work on this please write to the linux-media mailing list: &v4l-ml;.</para>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Multiple Opens</title>

      <para>V4L2 devices can be opened more than once.<footnote><para>
There are still some old and obscure drivers that have not been updated to
allow for multiple opens. This implies that for such drivers &func-open; can
return an &EBUSY; when the device is already in use.</para></footnote>
When this is supported by the driver, users can for example start a
"panel" application to change controls like brightness or audio
volume, while another application captures video and audio. In other words, panel
applications are comparable to an ALSA audio mixer application.
Just opening a V4L2 device should not change the state of the device.<footnote>
<para>Unfortunately, opening a radio device often switches the state of the
device to radio mode in many drivers. This behavior should be fixed eventually
as it violates the V4L2 specification.</para></footnote></para>

      <para>Once an application has allocated the memory buffers needed for
streaming data (by calling the &VIDIOC-REQBUFS; or &VIDIOC-CREATE-BUFS; ioctls,
or implicitly by calling the &func-read; or &func-write; functions) that
application (filehandle) becomes the owner of the device. It is no longer
allowed to make changes that would affect the buffer sizes (e.g. by calling
the &VIDIOC-S-FMT; ioctl) and other applications are no longer allowed to allocate
buffers or start or stop streaming. The &EBUSY; will be returned instead.</para>

      <para>Merely opening a V4L2 device does not grant exclusive
access.<footnote>
	  <para>Drivers could recognize the
<constant>O_EXCL</constant> open flag. Presently this is not required,
so applications cannot know if it really works.</para>
	</footnote> Initiating data exchange however assigns the right
to read or write the requested type of data, and to change related
properties, to this file descriptor. Applications can request
additional access privileges using the priority mechanism described in
<xref linkend="app-pri" />.</para>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Shared Data Streams</title>

      <para>V4L2 drivers should not support multiple applications
reading or writing the same data stream on a device by copying
buffers, time multiplexing or similar means. This is better handled by
a proxy application in user space.</para>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Functions</title>

    <para>To open and close V4L2 devices applications use the
&func-open; and &func-close; function, respectively. Devices are
programmed using the &func-ioctl; function as explained in the
following sections.</para>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="querycap">
    <title>Querying Capabilities</title>

    <para>Because V4L2 covers a wide variety of devices not all
aspects of the API are equally applicable to all types of devices.
Furthermore devices of the same type have different capabilities and
this specification permits the omission of a few complicated and less
important parts of the API.</para>

    <para>The &VIDIOC-QUERYCAP; ioctl is available to check if the kernel
device is compatible with this specification, and to query the <link
linkend="devices">functions</link> and <link linkend="io">I/O
methods</link> supported by the device.</para>

    <para>Starting with kernel version 3.1, VIDIOC-QUERYCAP will return the
V4L2 API version used by the driver, with generally matches the Kernel version.
There's no need of using &VIDIOC-QUERYCAP; to check if a specific ioctl is
supported, the V4L2 core now returns ENOTTY if a driver doesn't provide
support for an ioctl.</para>

    <para>Other features can be queried
by calling the respective ioctl, for example &VIDIOC-ENUMINPUT;
to learn about the number, types and names of video connectors on the
device. Although abstraction is a major objective of this API, the
&VIDIOC-QUERYCAP; ioctl also allows driver specific applications to reliably identify
the driver.</para>

    <para>All V4L2 drivers must support
<constant>VIDIOC_QUERYCAP</constant>. Applications should always call
this ioctl after opening the device.</para>
  </section>

  <section id="app-pri">
    <title>Application Priority</title>

    <para>When multiple applications share a device it may be
desirable to assign them different priorities. Contrary to the
traditional "rm -rf /" school of thought a video recording application
could for example block other applications from changing video
controls or switching the current TV channel. Another objective is to
permit low priority applications working in background, which can be
preempted by user controlled applications and automatically regain
control of the device at a later time.</para>

    <para>Since these features cannot be implemented entirely in user
space V4L2 defines the &VIDIOC-G-PRIORITY; and &VIDIOC-S-PRIORITY;
ioctls to request and query the access priority associate with a file
descriptor. Opening a device assigns a medium priority, compatible
with earlier versions of V4L2 and drivers not supporting these ioctls.
Applications requiring a different priority will usually call
<constant>VIDIOC_S_PRIORITY</constant> after verifying the device with
the &VIDIOC-QUERYCAP; ioctl.</para>

    <para>Ioctls changing driver properties, such as &VIDIOC-S-INPUT;,
return an &EBUSY; after another application obtained higher priority.</para>
  </section>

  <section id="video">
    <title>Video Inputs and Outputs</title>

    <para>Video inputs and outputs are physical connectors of a
device. These can be for example RF connectors (antenna/cable), CVBS
a.k.a. Composite Video, S-Video or RGB connectors. Video and VBI
capture devices have inputs. Video and VBI output devices have outputs,
at least one each. Radio devices have no video inputs or outputs.</para>

    <para>To learn about the number and attributes of the
available inputs and outputs applications can enumerate them with the
&VIDIOC-ENUMINPUT; and &VIDIOC-ENUMOUTPUT; ioctl, respectively. The
&v4l2-input; returned by the <constant>VIDIOC_ENUMINPUT</constant>
ioctl also contains signal status information applicable when the
current video input is queried.</para>

    <para>The &VIDIOC-G-INPUT; and &VIDIOC-G-OUTPUT; ioctls return the
index of the current video input or output. To select a different
input or output applications call the &VIDIOC-S-INPUT; and
&VIDIOC-S-OUTPUT; ioctls. Drivers must implement all the input ioctls
when the device has one or more inputs, all the output ioctls when the
device has one or more outputs.</para>

    <example>
      <title>Information about the current video input</title>

      <programlisting>
&v4l2-input; input;
int index;

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-G-INPUT;, &amp;index)) {
	perror("VIDIOC_G_INPUT");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

memset(&amp;input, 0, sizeof(input));
input.index = index;

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-ENUMINPUT;, &amp;input)) {
	perror("VIDIOC_ENUMINPUT");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

printf("Current input: %s\n", input.name);
      </programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Switching to the first video input</title>

      <programlisting>
int index;

index = 0;

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-S-INPUT;, &amp;index)) {
	perror("VIDIOC_S_INPUT");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
      </programlisting>
    </example>
  </section>

  <section id="audio">
    <title>Audio Inputs and Outputs</title>

    <para>Audio inputs and outputs are physical connectors of a
device. Video capture devices have inputs, output devices have
outputs, zero or more each. Radio devices have no audio inputs or
outputs. They have exactly one tuner which in fact
<emphasis>is</emphasis> an audio source, but this API associates
tuners with video inputs or outputs only, and radio devices have
none of these.<footnote>
	<para>Actually &v4l2-audio; ought to have a
<structfield>tuner</structfield> field like &v4l2-input;, not only
making the API more consistent but also permitting radio devices with
multiple tuners.</para>
      </footnote> A connector on a TV card to loop back the received
audio signal to a sound card is not considered an audio output.</para>

    <para>Audio and video inputs and outputs are associated. Selecting
a video source also selects an audio source. This is most evident when
the video and audio source is a tuner. Further audio connectors can
combine with more than one video input or output. Assumed two
composite video inputs and two audio inputs exist, there may be up to
four valid combinations. The relation of video and audio connectors
is defined in the <structfield>audioset</structfield> field of the
respective &v4l2-input; or &v4l2-output;, where each bit represents
the index number, starting at zero, of one audio input or output.</para>

    <para>To learn about the number and attributes of the
available inputs and outputs applications can enumerate them with the
&VIDIOC-ENUMAUDIO; and &VIDIOC-ENUMAUDOUT; ioctl, respectively. The
&v4l2-audio; returned by the <constant>VIDIOC_ENUMAUDIO</constant> ioctl
also contains signal status information applicable when the current
audio input is queried.</para>

    <para>The &VIDIOC-G-AUDIO; and &VIDIOC-G-AUDOUT; ioctls report
the current audio input and output, respectively. Note that, unlike
&VIDIOC-G-INPUT; and &VIDIOC-G-OUTPUT; these ioctls return a structure
as <constant>VIDIOC_ENUMAUDIO</constant> and
<constant>VIDIOC_ENUMAUDOUT</constant> do, not just an index.</para>

    <para>To select an audio input and change its properties
applications call the &VIDIOC-S-AUDIO; ioctl. To select an audio
output (which presently has no changeable properties) applications
call the &VIDIOC-S-AUDOUT; ioctl.</para>

    <para>Drivers must implement all audio input ioctls when the device
has multiple selectable audio inputs, all audio output ioctls when the
device has multiple selectable audio outputs. When the device has any
audio inputs or outputs the driver must set the <constant>V4L2_CAP_AUDIO</constant>
flag in the &v4l2-capability; returned by the &VIDIOC-QUERYCAP; ioctl.</para>

    <example>
      <title>Information about the current audio input</title>

      <programlisting>
&v4l2-audio; audio;

memset(&amp;audio, 0, sizeof(audio));

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-G-AUDIO;, &amp;audio)) {
	perror("VIDIOC_G_AUDIO");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

printf("Current input: %s\n", audio.name);
      </programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Switching to the first audio input</title>

      <programlisting>
&v4l2-audio; audio;

memset(&amp;audio, 0, sizeof(audio)); /* clear audio.mode, audio.reserved */

audio.index = 0;

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-S-AUDIO;, &amp;audio)) {
	perror("VIDIOC_S_AUDIO");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
      </programlisting>
    </example>
  </section>

  <section id="tuner">
    <title>Tuners and Modulators</title>

    <section>
      <title>Tuners</title>

      <para>Video input devices can have one or more tuners
demodulating a RF signal. Each tuner is associated with one or more
video inputs, depending on the number of RF connectors on the tuner.
The <structfield>type</structfield> field of the respective
&v4l2-input; returned by the &VIDIOC-ENUMINPUT; ioctl is set to
<constant>V4L2_INPUT_TYPE_TUNER</constant> and its
<structfield>tuner</structfield> field contains the index number of
the tuner.</para>

      <para>Radio input devices have exactly one tuner with index zero, no
video inputs.</para>

      <para>To query and change tuner properties applications use the
&VIDIOC-G-TUNER; and &VIDIOC-S-TUNER; ioctls, respectively. The
&v4l2-tuner; returned by <constant>VIDIOC_G_TUNER</constant> also
contains signal status information applicable when the tuner of the
current video or radio input is queried. Note that
<constant>VIDIOC_S_TUNER</constant> does not switch the current tuner,
when there is more than one at all. The tuner is solely determined by
the current video input. Drivers must support both ioctls and set the
<constant>V4L2_CAP_TUNER</constant> flag in the &v4l2-capability;
returned by the &VIDIOC-QUERYCAP; ioctl when the device has one or
more tuners.</para>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Modulators</title>

      <para>Video output devices can have one or more modulators, uh,
modulating a video signal for radiation or connection to the antenna
input of a TV set or video recorder. Each modulator is associated with
one or more video outputs, depending on the number of RF connectors on
the modulator. The <structfield>type</structfield> field of the
respective &v4l2-output; returned by the &VIDIOC-ENUMOUTPUT; ioctl is
set to <constant>V4L2_OUTPUT_TYPE_MODULATOR</constant> and its
<structfield>modulator</structfield> field contains the index number
of the modulator.</para>

      <para>Radio output devices have exactly one modulator with index
zero, no video outputs.</para>

      <para>A video or radio device cannot support both a tuner and a
modulator. Two separate device nodes will have to be used for such
hardware, one that supports the tuner functionality and one that supports
the modulator functionality. The reason is a limitation with the
&VIDIOC-S-FREQUENCY; ioctl where you cannot specify whether the frequency
is for a tuner or a modulator.</para>

      <para>To query and change modulator properties applications use
the &VIDIOC-G-MODULATOR; and &VIDIOC-S-MODULATOR; ioctl. Note that
<constant>VIDIOC_S_MODULATOR</constant> does not switch the current
modulator, when there is more than one at all. The modulator is solely
determined by the current video output. Drivers must support both
ioctls and set the <constant>V4L2_CAP_MODULATOR</constant> flag in
the &v4l2-capability; returned by the &VIDIOC-QUERYCAP; ioctl when the
device has one or more modulators.</para>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Radio Frequency</title>

      <para>To get and set the tuner or modulator radio frequency
applications use the &VIDIOC-G-FREQUENCY; and &VIDIOC-S-FREQUENCY;
ioctl which both take a pointer to a &v4l2-frequency;. These ioctls
are used for TV and radio devices alike. Drivers must support both
ioctls when the tuner or modulator ioctls are supported, or
when the device is a radio device.</para>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="standard">
    <title>Video Standards</title>

    <para>Video devices typically support one or more different video
standards or variations of standards. Each video input and output may
support another set of standards. This set is reported by the
<structfield>std</structfield> field of &v4l2-input; and
&v4l2-output; returned by the &VIDIOC-ENUMINPUT; and
&VIDIOC-ENUMOUTPUT; ioctls, respectively.</para>

    <para>V4L2 defines one bit for each analog video standard
currently in use worldwide, and sets aside bits for driver defined
standards, &eg; hybrid standards to watch NTSC video tapes on PAL TVs
and vice versa. Applications can use the predefined bits to select a
particular standard, although presenting the user a menu of supported
standards is preferred. To enumerate and query the attributes of the
supported standards applications use the &VIDIOC-ENUMSTD; ioctl.</para>

    <para>Many of the defined standards are actually just variations
of a few major standards. The hardware may in fact not distinguish
between them, or do so internal and switch automatically. Therefore
enumerated standards also contain sets of one or more standard
bits.</para>

    <para>Assume a hypothetic tuner capable of demodulating B/PAL,
G/PAL and I/PAL signals. The first enumerated standard is a set of B
and G/PAL, switched automatically depending on the selected radio
frequency in UHF or VHF band. Enumeration gives a "PAL-B/G" or "PAL-I"
choice. Similar a Composite input may collapse standards, enumerating
"PAL-B/G/H/I", "NTSC-M" and "SECAM-D/K".<footnote>
	<para>Some users are already confused by technical terms PAL,
NTSC and SECAM. There is no point asking them to distinguish between
B, G, D, or K when the software or hardware can do that
automatically.</para>
    </footnote></para>

    <para>To query and select the standard used by the current video
input or output applications call the &VIDIOC-G-STD; and
&VIDIOC-S-STD; ioctl, respectively. The <emphasis>received</emphasis>
standard can be sensed with the &VIDIOC-QUERYSTD; ioctl. Note that the
parameter of all these ioctls is a pointer to a &v4l2-std-id; type
(a standard set), <emphasis>not</emphasis> an index into the standard
enumeration. Drivers must implement all video standard ioctls
when the device has one or more video inputs or outputs.</para>

    <para>Special rules apply to devices such as USB cameras where the notion of video
standards makes little sense. More generally for any capture or output device
which is: <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>incapable of capturing fields or frames at the nominal
rate of the video standard, or</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>that does not support the video standard formats at all.</para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist> Here the driver shall set the
<structfield>std</structfield> field of &v4l2-input; and &v4l2-output;
to zero and the <constant>VIDIOC_G_STD</constant>,
<constant>VIDIOC_S_STD</constant>,
<constant>VIDIOC_QUERYSTD</constant> and
<constant>VIDIOC_ENUMSTD</constant> ioctls shall return the
&ENOTTY; or the &EINVAL;.</para>
	<para>Applications can make use of the <xref linkend="input-capabilities" /> and
<xref linkend="output-capabilities"/> flags to determine whether the video standard ioctls
can be used with the given input or output.</para>

    <example>
      <title>Information about the current video standard</title>

      <programlisting>
&v4l2-std-id; std_id;
&v4l2-standard; standard;

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-G-STD;, &amp;std_id)) {
	/* Note when VIDIOC_ENUMSTD always returns ENOTTY this
	   is no video device or it falls under the USB exception,
	   and VIDIOC_G_STD returning ENOTTY is no error. */

	perror("VIDIOC_G_STD");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

memset(&amp;standard, 0, sizeof(standard));
standard.index = 0;

while (0 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-ENUMSTD;, &amp;standard)) {
	if (standard.id &amp; std_id) {
	       printf("Current video standard: %s\n", standard.name);
	       exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
	}

	standard.index++;
}

/* EINVAL indicates the end of the enumeration, which cannot be
   empty unless this device falls under the USB exception. */

if (errno == EINVAL || standard.index == 0) {
	perror("VIDIOC_ENUMSTD");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
      </programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Listing the video standards supported by the current
input</title>

      <programlisting>
&v4l2-input; input;
&v4l2-standard; standard;

memset(&amp;input, 0, sizeof(input));

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-G-INPUT;, &amp;input.index)) {
	perror("VIDIOC_G_INPUT");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-ENUMINPUT;, &amp;input)) {
	perror("VIDIOC_ENUM_INPUT");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

printf("Current input %s supports:\n", input.name);

memset(&amp;standard, 0, sizeof(standard));
standard.index = 0;

while (0 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-ENUMSTD;, &amp;standard)) {
	if (standard.id &amp; input.std)
		printf("%s\n", standard.name);

	standard.index++;
}

/* EINVAL indicates the end of the enumeration, which cannot be
   empty unless this device falls under the USB exception. */

if (errno != EINVAL || standard.index == 0) {
	perror("VIDIOC_ENUMSTD");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
      </programlisting>
    </example>

    <example>
      <title>Selecting a new video standard</title>

      <programlisting>
&v4l2-input; input;
&v4l2-std-id; std_id;

memset(&amp;input, 0, sizeof(input));

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-G-INPUT;, &amp;input.index)) {
	perror("VIDIOC_G_INPUT");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-ENUMINPUT;, &amp;input)) {
	perror("VIDIOC_ENUM_INPUT");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

if (0 == (input.std &amp; V4L2_STD_PAL_BG)) {
	fprintf(stderr, "Oops. B/G PAL is not supported.\n");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

/* Note this is also supposed to work when only B
   <emphasis>or</emphasis> G/PAL is supported. */

std_id = V4L2_STD_PAL_BG;

if (-1 == ioctl(fd, &VIDIOC-S-STD;, &amp;std_id)) {
	perror("VIDIOC_S_STD");
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
      </programlisting>
    </example>
  </section>
  <section id="dv-timings">
	<title>Digital Video (DV) Timings</title>
	<para>
	The video standards discussed so far have been dealing with Analog TV and the
corresponding video timings. Today there are many more different hardware interfaces
such as High Definition TV interfaces (HDMI), VGA, DVI connectors etc., that carry
video signals and there is a need to extend the API to select the video timings
for these interfaces. Since it is not possible to extend the &v4l2-std-id; due to
the limited bits available, a new set of ioctls was added to set/get video timings at
the input and output.</para>

	<para>These ioctls deal with the detailed digital video timings that define
each video format. This includes parameters such as the active video width and height,
signal polarities, frontporches, backporches, sync widths etc. The <filename>linux/v4l2-dv-timings.h</filename>
header can be used to get the timings of the formats in the <xref linkend="cea861" /> and
<xref linkend="vesadmt" /> standards.
	</para>

	<para>To enumerate and query the attributes of the DV timings supported by a device
	applications use the &VIDIOC-ENUM-DV-TIMINGS; and &VIDIOC-DV-TIMINGS-CAP; ioctls.
	To set DV timings for the device applications use the
&VIDIOC-S-DV-TIMINGS; ioctl and to get current DV timings they use the
&VIDIOC-G-DV-TIMINGS; ioctl. To detect the DV timings as seen by the video receiver applications
use the &VIDIOC-QUERY-DV-TIMINGS; ioctl.</para>
	<para>Applications can make use of the <xref linkend="input-capabilities" /> and
<xref linkend="output-capabilities"/> flags to determine whether the digital video ioctls
can be used with the given input or output.</para>
  </section>

  &sub-controls;

  <section id="format">
    <title>Data Formats</title>

    <section>
      <title>Data Format Negotiation</title>

      <para>Different devices exchange different kinds of data with
applications, for example video images, raw or sliced VBI data, RDS
datagrams. Even within one kind many different formats are possible,
in particular an abundance of image formats. Although drivers must
provide a default and the selection persists across closing and
reopening a device, applications should always negotiate a data format
before engaging in data exchange. Negotiation means the application
asks for a particular format and the driver selects and reports the
best the hardware can do to satisfy the request. Of course
applications can also just query the current selection.</para>

      <para>A single mechanism exists to negotiate all data formats
using the aggregate &v4l2-format; and the &VIDIOC-G-FMT; and
&VIDIOC-S-FMT; ioctls. Additionally the &VIDIOC-TRY-FMT; ioctl can be
used to examine what the hardware <emphasis>could</emphasis> do,
without actually selecting a new data format. The data formats
supported by the V4L2 API are covered in the respective device section
in <xref linkend="devices" />. For a closer look at image formats see
<xref linkend="pixfmt" />.</para>

      <para>The <constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant> ioctl is a major
turning-point in the initialization sequence. Prior to this point
multiple panel applications can access the same device concurrently to
select the current input, change controls or modify other properties.
The first <constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant> assigns a logical stream
(video data, VBI data etc.) exclusively to one file descriptor.</para>

      <para>Exclusive means no other application, more precisely no
other file descriptor, can grab this stream or change device
properties inconsistent with the negotiated parameters. A video
standard change for example, when the new standard uses a different
number of scan lines, can invalidate the selected image format.
Therefore only the file descriptor owning the stream can make
invalidating changes. Accordingly multiple file descriptors which
grabbed different logical streams prevent each other from interfering
with their settings. When for example video overlay is about to start
or already in progress, simultaneous video capturing may be restricted
to the same cropping and image size.</para>

      <para>When applications omit the
<constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant> ioctl its locking side effects are
implied by the next step, the selection of an I/O method with the
&VIDIOC-REQBUFS; ioctl or implicit with the first &func-read; or
&func-write; call.</para>

      <para>Generally only one logical stream can be assigned to a
file descriptor, the exception being drivers permitting simultaneous
video capturing and overlay using the same file descriptor for
compatibility with V4L and earlier versions of V4L2. Switching the
logical stream or returning into "panel mode" is possible by closing
and reopening the device. Drivers <emphasis>may</emphasis> support a
switch using <constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant>.</para>

      <para>All drivers exchanging data with
applications must support the <constant>VIDIOC_G_FMT</constant> and
<constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant> ioctl. Implementation of the
<constant>VIDIOC_TRY_FMT</constant> is highly recommended but
optional.</para>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Image Format Enumeration</title>

      <para>Apart of the generic format negotiation functions
a special ioctl to enumerate all image formats supported by video
capture, overlay or output devices is available.<footnote>
	  <para>Enumerating formats an application has no a-priori
knowledge of (otherwise it could explicitly ask for them and need not
enumerate) seems useless, but there are applications serving as proxy
between drivers and the actual video applications for which this is
useful.</para>
	</footnote></para>

      <para>The &VIDIOC-ENUM-FMT; ioctl must be supported
by all drivers exchanging image data with applications.</para>

      <important>
	<para>Drivers are not supposed to convert image formats in
kernel space. They must enumerate only formats directly supported by
the hardware. If necessary driver writers should publish an example
conversion routine or library for integration into applications.</para>
      </important>
    </section>
  </section>

  &sub-planar-apis;

  <section id="crop">
    <title>Image Cropping, Insertion and Scaling</title>

    <para>Some video capture devices can sample a subsection of the
picture and shrink or enlarge it to an image of arbitrary size. We
call these abilities cropping and scaling. Some video output devices
can scale an image up or down and insert it at an arbitrary scan line
and horizontal offset into a video signal.</para>

    <para>Applications can use the following API to select an area in
the video signal, query the default area and the hardware limits.
<emphasis>Despite their name, the &VIDIOC-CROPCAP;, &VIDIOC-G-CROP;
and &VIDIOC-S-CROP; ioctls apply to input as well as output
devices.</emphasis></para>

    <para>Scaling requires a source and a target. On a video capture
or overlay device the source is the video signal, and the cropping
ioctls determine the area actually sampled. The target are images
read by the application or overlaid onto the graphics screen. Their
size (and position for an overlay) is negotiated with the
&VIDIOC-G-FMT; and &VIDIOC-S-FMT; ioctls.</para>

    <para>On a video output device the source are the images passed in
by the application, and their size is again negotiated with the
<constant>VIDIOC_G/S_FMT</constant> ioctls, or may be encoded in a
compressed video stream. The target is the video signal, and the
cropping ioctls determine the area where the images are
inserted.</para>

    <para>Source and target rectangles are defined even if the device
does not support scaling or the <constant>VIDIOC_G/S_CROP</constant>
ioctls. Their size (and position where applicable) will be fixed in
this case. <emphasis>All capture and output device must support the
<constant>VIDIOC_CROPCAP</constant> ioctl such that applications can
determine if scaling takes place.</emphasis></para>

    <section>
      <title>Cropping Structures</title>

      <figure id="crop-scale">
	<title>Image Cropping, Insertion and Scaling</title>
	<mediaobject>
	  <imageobject>
	    <imagedata fileref="crop.pdf" format="PS" />
	  </imageobject>
	  <imageobject>
	    <imagedata fileref="crop.gif" format="GIF" />
	  </imageobject>
	  <textobject>
	    <phrase>The cropping, insertion and scaling process</phrase>
	  </textobject>
	</mediaobject>
      </figure>

      <para>For capture devices the coordinates of the top left
corner, width and height of the area which can be sampled is given by
the <structfield>bounds</structfield> substructure of the
&v4l2-cropcap; returned by the <constant>VIDIOC_CROPCAP</constant>
ioctl. To support a wide range of hardware this specification does not
define an origin or units. However by convention drivers should
horizontally count unscaled samples relative to 0H (the leading edge
of the horizontal sync pulse, see <xref linkend="vbi-hsync" />).
Vertically ITU-R line
numbers of the first field (<xref linkend="vbi-525" />, <xref
linkend="vbi-625" />), multiplied by two if the driver can capture both
fields.</para>

      <para>The top left corner, width and height of the source
rectangle, that is the area actually sampled, is given by &v4l2-crop;
using the same coordinate system as &v4l2-cropcap;. Applications can
use the <constant>VIDIOC_G_CROP</constant> and
<constant>VIDIOC_S_CROP</constant> ioctls to get and set this
rectangle. It must lie completely within the capture boundaries and
the driver may further adjust the requested size and/or position
according to hardware limitations.</para>

      <para>Each capture device has a default source rectangle, given
by the <structfield>defrect</structfield> substructure of
&v4l2-cropcap;. The center of this rectangle shall align with the
center of the active picture area of the video signal, and cover what
the driver writer considers the complete picture. Drivers shall reset
the source rectangle to the default when the driver is first loaded,
but not later.</para>

      <para>For output devices these structures and ioctls are used
accordingly, defining the <emphasis>target</emphasis> rectangle where
the images will be inserted into the video signal.</para>

    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Scaling Adjustments</title>

      <para>Video hardware can have various cropping, insertion and
scaling limitations. It may only scale up or down, support only
discrete scaling factors, or have different scaling abilities in
horizontal and vertical direction. Also it may not support scaling at
all. At the same time the &v4l2-crop; rectangle may have to be
aligned, and both the source and target rectangles may have arbitrary
upper and lower size limits. In particular the maximum
<structfield>width</structfield> and <structfield>height</structfield>
in &v4l2-crop; may be smaller than the
&v4l2-cropcap;.<structfield>bounds</structfield> area. Therefore, as
usual, drivers are expected to adjust the requested parameters and
return the actual values selected.</para>

      <para>Applications can change the source or the target rectangle
first, as they may prefer a particular image size or a certain area in
the video signal. If the driver has to adjust both to satisfy hardware
limitations, the last requested rectangle shall take priority, and the
driver should preferably adjust the opposite one. The &VIDIOC-TRY-FMT;
ioctl however shall not change the driver state and therefore only
adjust the requested rectangle.</para>

      <para>Suppose scaling on a video capture device is restricted to
a factor 1:1 or 2:1 in either direction and the target image size must
be a multiple of 16&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;16 pixels. The source cropping
rectangle is set to defaults, which are also the upper limit in this
example, of 640&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;400 pixels at offset 0,&nbsp;0. An
application requests an image size of 300&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;225
pixels, assuming video will be scaled down from the "full picture"
accordingly. The driver sets the image size to the closest possible
values 304&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;224, then chooses the cropping rectangle
closest to the requested size, that is 608&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;224
(224&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;2:1 would exceed the limit 400). The offset
0,&nbsp;0 is still valid, thus unmodified. Given the default cropping
rectangle reported by <constant>VIDIOC_CROPCAP</constant> the
application can easily propose another offset to center the cropping
rectangle.</para>

      <para>Now the application may insist on covering an area using a
picture aspect ratio closer to the original request, so it asks for a
cropping rectangle of 608&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;456 pixels. The present
scaling factors limit cropping to 640&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;384, so the
driver returns the cropping size 608&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;384 and adjusts
the image size to closest possible 304&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;192.</para>

    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Examples</title>

      <para>Source and target rectangles shall remain unchanged across
closing and reopening a device, such that piping data into or out of a
device will work without special preparations. More advanced
applications should ensure the parameters are suitable before starting
I/O.</para>

      <example>
	<title>Resetting the cropping parameters</title>

	<para>(A video capture device is assumed; change
<constant>V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE</constant> for other
devices.)</para>

	<programlisting>
&v4l2-cropcap; cropcap;
&v4l2-crop; crop;

memset (&amp;cropcap, 0, sizeof (cropcap));
cropcap.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;

if (-1 == ioctl (fd, &VIDIOC-CROPCAP;, &amp;cropcap)) {
	perror ("VIDIOC_CROPCAP");
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}

memset (&amp;crop, 0, sizeof (crop));
crop.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;
crop.c = cropcap.defrect;

/* Ignore if cropping is not supported (EINVAL). */

if (-1 == ioctl (fd, &VIDIOC-S-CROP;, &amp;crop)
    &amp;&amp; errno != EINVAL) {
	perror ("VIDIOC_S_CROP");
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
      </programlisting>
      </example>

      <example>
	<title>Simple downscaling</title>

	<para>(A video capture device is assumed.)</para>

	<programlisting>
&v4l2-cropcap; cropcap;
&v4l2-format; format;

reset_cropping_parameters ();

/* Scale down to 1/4 size of full picture. */

memset (&amp;format, 0, sizeof (format)); /* defaults */

format.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;

format.fmt.pix.width = cropcap.defrect.width &gt;&gt; 1;
format.fmt.pix.height = cropcap.defrect.height &gt;&gt; 1;
format.fmt.pix.pixelformat = V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV;

if (-1 == ioctl (fd, &VIDIOC-S-FMT;, &amp;format)) {
	perror ("VIDIOC_S_FORMAT");
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}

/* We could check the actual image size now, the actual scaling factor
   or if the driver can scale at all. */
	</programlisting>
      </example>

      <example>
	<title>Selecting an output area</title>

	<programlisting>
&v4l2-cropcap; cropcap;
&v4l2-crop; crop;

memset (&amp;cropcap, 0, sizeof (cropcap));
cropcap.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OUTPUT;

if (-1 == ioctl (fd, VIDIOC_CROPCAP;, &amp;cropcap)) {
	perror ("VIDIOC_CROPCAP");
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}

memset (&amp;crop, 0, sizeof (crop));

crop.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OUTPUT;
crop.c = cropcap.defrect;

/* Scale the width and height to 50 % of their original size
   and center the output. */

crop.c.width /= 2;
crop.c.height /= 2;
crop.c.left += crop.c.width / 2;
crop.c.top += crop.c.height / 2;

/* Ignore if cropping is not supported (EINVAL). */

if (-1 == ioctl (fd, VIDIOC_S_CROP, &amp;crop)
    &amp;&amp; errno != EINVAL) {
	perror ("VIDIOC_S_CROP");
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
</programlisting>
      </example>

      <example>
	<title>Current scaling factor and pixel aspect</title>

	<para>(A video capture device is assumed.)</para>

	<programlisting>
&v4l2-cropcap; cropcap;
&v4l2-crop; crop;
&v4l2-format; format;
double hscale, vscale;
double aspect;
int dwidth, dheight;

memset (&amp;cropcap, 0, sizeof (cropcap));
cropcap.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;

if (-1 == ioctl (fd, &VIDIOC-CROPCAP;, &amp;cropcap)) {
	perror ("VIDIOC_CROPCAP");
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}

memset (&amp;crop, 0, sizeof (crop));
crop.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;

if (-1 == ioctl (fd, &VIDIOC-G-CROP;, &amp;crop)) {
	if (errno != EINVAL) {
		perror ("VIDIOC_G_CROP");
		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	/* Cropping not supported. */
	crop.c = cropcap.defrect;
}

memset (&amp;format, 0, sizeof (format));
format.fmt.type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE;

if (-1 == ioctl (fd, &VIDIOC-G-FMT;, &amp;format)) {
	perror ("VIDIOC_G_FMT");
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}

/* The scaling applied by the driver. */

hscale = format.fmt.pix.width / (double) crop.c.width;
vscale = format.fmt.pix.height / (double) crop.c.height;

aspect = cropcap.pixelaspect.numerator /
	 (double) cropcap.pixelaspect.denominator;
aspect = aspect * hscale / vscale;

/* Devices following ITU-R BT.601 do not capture
   square pixels. For playback on a computer monitor
   we should scale the images to this size. */

dwidth = format.fmt.pix.width / aspect;
dheight = format.fmt.pix.height;
	</programlisting>
      </example>
    </section>
  </section>

  &sub-selection-api;

  <section id="streaming-par">
    <title>Streaming Parameters</title>

    <para>Streaming parameters are intended to optimize the video
capture process as well as I/O. Presently applications can request a
high quality capture mode with the &VIDIOC-S-PARM; ioctl.</para>

    <para>The current video standard determines a nominal number of
frames per second. If less than this number of frames is to be
captured or output, applications can request frame skipping or
duplicating on the driver side. This is especially useful when using
the &func-read; or &func-write;, which are not augmented by timestamps
or sequence counters, and to avoid unnecessary data copying.</para>

    <para>Finally these ioctls can be used to determine the number of
buffers used internally by a driver in read/write mode. For
implications see the section discussing the &func-read;
function.</para>

    <para>To get and set the streaming parameters applications call
the &VIDIOC-G-PARM; and &VIDIOC-S-PARM; ioctl, respectively. They take
a pointer to a &v4l2-streamparm;, which contains a union holding
separate parameters for input and output devices.</para>

    <para>These ioctls are optional, drivers need not implement
them. If so, they return the &EINVAL;.</para>
  </section>