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2011-03-22mm: use __GFP_OTHER_NODE for transparent huge pagesAndi Kleen1-9/+11
Pass __GFP_OTHER_NODE for transparent hugepages NUMA allocations done by the hugepages daemon. This way the low level accounting for local versus remote pages works correctly. Contains improvements from Andrea Arcangeli [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-03-14thp+memcg-numa: fix BUG at include/linux/mm.h:370!Hugh Dickins1-1/+5
THP's collapse_huge_page() has an understandable but ugly difference in when its huge page is allocated: inside if NUMA but outside if not. It's hardly surprising that the memcg failure path forgot that, freeing the page in the non-NUMA case, then hitting a VM_BUG_ON in get_page() (or even worse, using the freed page). Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com> Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-03-04mm: use correct numa policy node for transparent hugepagesAndi Kleen1-7/+17
Pass down the correct node for a transparent hugepage allocation. Most callers continue to use the current node, however the hugepaged daemon now uses the previous node of the first to be collapsed page instead. This ensures that khugepaged does not mess up local memory for an existing process which uses local policy. The choice of node is somewhat primitive currently: it just uses the node of the first page in the pmd range. An alternative would be to look at multiple pages and use the most popular node. I used the simplest variant for now which should work well enough for the case of all pages being on the same node. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Acked-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com> Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-03-04mm: preserve original node for transparent huge page copiesAndi Kleen1-2/+2
This makes a difference for LOCAL policy, where the node cannot be determined from the policy itself, but has to be gotten from the original page. Acked-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com> Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-03-04mm: change alloc_pages_vma to pass down the policy node for local policyAndi Kleen1-1/+1
Currently alloc_pages_vma() always uses the local node as policy node for the LOCAL policy. Pass this node down as an argument instead. No behaviour change from this patch, but will be needed for followons. Acked-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com> Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-15thp: prevent hugepages during args/env copying into the user stackAndrea Arcangeli1-19/+16
Transparent hugepages can only be created if rmap is fully functional. So we must prevent hugepages to be created while is_vma_temporary_stack() is true. This also optmizes away some harmless but unnecessary setting of khugepaged_scan.address and it switches some BUG_ON to VM_BUG_ON. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-11memcg: fix leak of accounting at failure path of hugepage collapsingKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki1-1/+1
mem_cgroup_uncharge_page() should be called in all failure cases after mem_cgroup_charge_newpage() is called in huge_memory.c::collapse_huge_page() [ 4209.076861] BUG: Bad page state in process khugepaged pfn:1e9800 [ 4209.077601] page:ffffea0006b14000 count:0 mapcount:0 mapping: (null) index:0x2800 [ 4209.078674] page flags: 0x40000000004000(head) [ 4209.079294] pc:ffff880214a30000 pc->flags:2146246697418756 pc->mem_cgroup:ffffc9000177a000 [ 4209.082177] (/A) [ 4209.082500] Pid: 31, comm: khugepaged Not tainted 2.6.38-rc3-mm1 #1 [ 4209.083412] Call Trace: [ 4209.083678] [<ffffffff810f4454>] ? bad_page+0xe4/0x140 [ 4209.084240] [<ffffffff810f53e6>] ? free_pages_prepare+0xd6/0x120 [ 4209.084837] [<ffffffff8155621d>] ? rwsem_down_failed_common+0xbd/0x150 [ 4209.085509] [<ffffffff810f5462>] ? __free_pages_ok+0x32/0xe0 [ 4209.086110] [<ffffffff810f552b>] ? free_compound_page+0x1b/0x20 [ 4209.086699] [<ffffffff810fad6c>] ? __put_compound_page+0x1c/0x30 [ 4209.087333] [<ffffffff810fae1d>] ? put_compound_page+0x4d/0x200 [ 4209.087935] [<ffffffff810fb015>] ? put_page+0x45/0x50 [ 4209.097361] [<ffffffff8113f779>] ? khugepaged+0x9e9/0x1430 [ 4209.098364] [<ffffffff8107c870>] ? autoremove_wake_function+0x0/0x40 [ 4209.099121] [<ffffffff8113ed90>] ? khugepaged+0x0/0x1430 [ 4209.099780] [<ffffffff8107c236>] ? kthread+0x96/0xa0 [ 4209.100452] [<ffffffff8100dda4>] ? kernel_thread_helper+0x4/0x10 [ 4209.101214] [<ffffffff8107c1a0>] ? kthread+0x0/0xa0 [ 4209.101842] [<ffffffff8100dda0>] ? kernel_thread_helper+0x0/0x10 Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Acked-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp> Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-02thp: fix the wrong reported address of hwpoisoned hugepagesJin Dongming1-1/+6
When the tail page of THP is poisoned, the head page will be poisoned too. And the wrong address, address of head page, will be sent with sigbus always. So when the poisoned page is used by Guest OS which is running on KVM, after the address changing(hva->gpa) by qemu, the unexpected process on Guest OS will be killed by sigbus. What we expected is that the process using the poisoned tail page could be killed on Guest OS, but not that the process using the healthy head page is killed. Since it is not good to poison the healthy page, avoid poisoning other than the page which is really poisoned. (While we poison all pages in a huge page in case of hugetlb, we can do this for THP thanks to split_huge_page().) Here we fix two parts: 1. Isolate the poisoned page only to make sure the reported address is the address of poisoned page. 2. make the poisoned page work as the poisoned regular page. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix spello in comment] Signed-off-by: Jin Dongming <jin.dongming@np.css.fujitsu.com> Reviewed-by: Hidetoshi Seto <seto.hidetoshi@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-20memcg: fix USED bit handling at uncharge in THPKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki1-0/+2
Now, under THP: at charge: - PageCgroupUsed bit is set to all page_cgroup on a hugepage. ....set to 512 pages. at uncharge - PageCgroupUsed bit is unset on the head page. So, some pages will remain with "Used" bit. This patch fixes that Used bit is set only to the head page. Used bits for tail pages will be set at splitting if necessary. This patch adds this lock order: compound_lock() -> page_cgroup_move_lock(). [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning] Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp> Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-20thp: keep highpte mapped until it is no longer neededJohannes Weiner1-1/+2
Two users reported THP-related crashes on 32-bit x86 machines. Their oops reports indicated an invalid pte, and subsequent code inspection showed that the highpte is actually used after unmap. The fix is to unmap the pte only after all operations against it are finished. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Reported-by: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com> Reported-by: werner <w.landgraf@ru.ru> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Tested-by: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com> Tested-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: khugepaged: make khugepaged aware about madviseAndrea Arcangeli1-4/+19
MADV_HUGEPAGE and MADV_NOHUGEPAGE were fully effective only if run after mmap and before touching the memory. While this is enough for most usages, it's little effort to make madvise more dynamic at runtime on an existing mapping by making khugepaged aware about madvise. MADV_HUGEPAGE: register in khugepaged immediately without waiting a page fault (that may not ever happen if all pages are already mapped and the "enabled" knob was set to madvise during the initial page faults). MADV_NOHUGEPAGE: skip vmas marked VM_NOHUGEPAGE in khugepaged to stop collapsing pages where not needed. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment] Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: madvise(MADV_NOHUGEPAGE)Andrea Arcangeli1-11/+30
Add madvise MADV_NOHUGEPAGE to mark regions that are not important to be hugepage backed. Return -EINVAL if the vma is not of an anonymous type, or the feature isn't built into the kernel. Never silently return success. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: fix anon memory statistics with transparent hugepagesRik van Riel1-0/+10
Count each transparent hugepage as HPAGE_PMD_NR pages in the LRU statistics, so the Active(anon) and Inactive(anon) statistics in /proc/meminfo are correct. Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: disable transparent hugepages by default on small systemsRik van Riel1-0/+8
On small systems, the extra memory used by the anti-fragmentation memory reserve and simply because huge pages are smaller than large pages can easily outweigh the benefits of less TLB misses. A less obvious concern is if run on a NUMA machine with asymmetric node sizes and one of them is very small. The reserve could make the node unusable. In case of the crashdump kernel, OOMs have been observed due to the anti-fragmentation memory reserve taking up a large fraction of the crashdump image. This patch disables transparent hugepages on systems with less than 1GB of RAM, but the hugepage subsystem is fully initialized so administrators can enable THP through /sys if desired. Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Acked-by: Avi Kiviti <avi@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: freeze khugepaged and ksmdAndrea Arcangeli1-2/+12
It's unclear why schedule friendly kernel threads can't be taken away by the CPU through the scheduler itself. It's safer to stop them as they can trigger memory allocation, if kswapd also freezes itself to avoid generating I/O they have too. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: mmu_notifier_test_youngAndrea Arcangeli1-2/+4
For GRU and EPT, we need gup-fast to set referenced bit too (this is why it's correct to return 0 when shadow_access_mask is zero, it requires gup-fast to set the referenced bit). qemu-kvm access already sets the young bit in the pte if it isn't zero-copy, if it's zero copy or a shadow paging EPT minor fault we relay on gup-fast to signal the page is in use... We also need to check the young bits on the secondary pagetables for NPT and not nested shadow mmu as the data may never get accessed again by the primary pte. Without this closer accuracy, we'd have to remove the heuristic that avoids collapsing hugepages in hugepage virtual regions that have not even a single subpage in use. ->test_young is full backwards compatible with GRU and other usages that don't have young bits in pagetables set by the hardware and that should nuke the secondary mmu mappings when ->clear_flush_young runs just like EPT does. Removing the heuristic that checks the young bit in khugepaged/collapse_huge_page completely isn't so bad either probably but I thought it was worth it and this makes it reliable. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: don't allow transparent hugepage support without PSEAndrea Arcangeli1-0/+8
Archs implementing Transparent Hugepage Support must implement a function called has_transparent_hugepage to be sure the virtual or physical CPU supports Transparent Hugepages. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: avoid breaking huge pmd invariants in case of vma_adjust failuresAndrea Arcangeli1-2/+78
An huge pmd can only be mapped if the corresponding 2M virtual range is fully contained in the vma. At times the VM calls split_vma twice, if the first split_vma succeeds and the second fail, the first split_vma remains in effect and it's not rolled back. For split_vma or vma_adjust to fail an allocation failure is needed so it's a very unlikely event (the out of memory killer would normally fire before any allocation failure is visible to kernel and userland and if an out of memory condition happens it's unlikely to happen exactly here). Nevertheless it's safer to ensure that no huge pmd can be left around if the vma is adjusted in a way that can't fit hugepages anymore at the new vm_start/vm_end address. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: transparent hugepage config choiceAndrea Arcangeli1-0/+5
Allow to choose between the always|madvise default for page faults and khugepaged at config time. madvise guarantees zero risk of higher memory footprint for applications (applications using madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) won't risk to use any more memory by backing their virtual regions with hugepages). Initially set the default to N and don't depend on EMBEDDED. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: allocate memory in khugepaged outside of mmap_sem write modeAndrea Arcangeli1-22/+34
This tries to be more friendly to filesystem in userland, with userland backends that allocate memory in the I/O paths and that could deadlock if khugepaged holds the mmap_sem write mode of the userland backend while allocating memory. Memory allocation may wait for writeback I/O completion from the daemon that may be blocked in the mmap_sem read mode if a page fault happens and the daemon wasn't using mlock for the memory required for the I/O submission and completion. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocationsAndrea Arcangeli1-13/+74
It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: enable direct defragAndrea Arcangeli1-0/+1
With memory compaction in, and lumpy-reclaim disabled, it seems safe enough to defrag memory during the (synchronous) transparent hugepage page faults (TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_FLAG) and not only during khugepaged (async) hugepage allocations that was already enabled even before memory compaction was in (TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_KHUGEPAGED_FLAG). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: set recommended min free kbytesAndrea Arcangeli1-0/+52
If transparent hugepage is enabled initialize min_free_kbytes to an optimal value by default. This moves the hugeadm algorithm in kernel. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: mprotect: transparent huge page supportJohannes Weiner1-0/+27
Natively handle huge pmds when changing page tables on behalf of mprotect(). I left out update_mmu_cache() because we do not need it on x86 anyway but more importantly the interface works on ptes, not pmds. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: mincore transparent hugepage supportJohannes Weiner1-0/+25
Handle transparent huge page pmd entries natively instead of splitting them into subpages. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: khugepagedAndrea Arcangeli1-10/+1063
Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: transparent hugepage vmstatAndrea Arcangeli1-0/+3
Add hugepage stat information to /proc/vmstat and /proc/meminfo. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: memcg huge memoryAndrea Arcangeli1-5/+31
Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE)Andrea Arcangeli1-0/+16
Add madvise MADV_HUGEPAGE to mark regions that are important to be hugepage backed. Return -EINVAL if the vma is not of an anonymous type, or the feature isn't built into the kernel. Never silently return success. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: split_huge_page anon_vma ordering dependencyAndrea Arcangeli1-0/+16
This documents how split_huge_page is safe vs new vma inserctions into the anon_vma that may have already released the anon_vma->lock but not established pmds yet when split_huge_page starts. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13thp: transparent hugepage coreAndrea Arcangeli1-0/+901
Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>