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2014-03-10Merge branch 'fortglx/3.15/time' of ↵Thomas Gleixner1-0/+2
git://git.linaro.org/people/john.stultz/linux into timers/core - support CLOCK_BOOTTIME clock in timerfd - Add missing header file Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2014-03-04timer: Make sure TIMER_FLAG_MASK bits are free in allocated baseViresh Kumar1-3/+2
Currently we are using two lowest bit of base for internal purpose and so they both should be zero in the allocated address. The code was doing the right thing before this patch came in: commit c5f66e99b (timer: Implement TIMER_IRQSAFE) Tejun probably forgot to update this piece of code which checks if the lowest 'n' bits are zero or not and so wasn't updated according to the new flag. Lets use TIMER_FLAG_MASK in the calculations here. [ tglx: Massaged changelog ] Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org> Cc: linaro-kernel@lists.linaro.org Cc: fweisbec@gmail.com Cc: tj@kernel.org Cc: peterz@infradead.org Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/9144e10d7e854a0aa8a673332adec356d81a923c.1393576981.git.viresh.kumar@linaro.org Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2014-03-04timer: Check failure of timer_cpu_notify() before calling init_timer_stats()Viresh Kumar1-2/+2
timer_cpu_notify() should return NOTIFY_OK and nothing else. Anything else would trigger a BUG_ON(). Return value of this routine is already checked correctly but is done after issuing a call to init_timer_stats(). The right order would be to check the error case first and then call init_timer_stats(). Lets do it. Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org> Cc: linaro-kernel@lists.linaro.org Cc: fweisbec@gmail.com Cc: tj@kernel.org Cc: peterz@infradead.org Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/c439f5b6bbc2047e1662f4d523350531425bcf9d.1393576981.git.viresh.kumar@linaro.org Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2014-03-02kernel: Include appropriate header file in time/timekeeping_debug.cRashika Kheria1-0/+2
Include appropriate header file kernel/time/timekeeping_internal.h in kernel/time/timekeeping_debug.c because it has prototype declaration of function defined in kernel/time/timekeeping_debug.c. This eliminates the following warning in kernel/time/timekeeping_debug.c: kernel/time/timekeeping_debug.c:68:6: warning: no previous prototype for ‘tk_debug_account_sleep_time’ [-Wmissing-prototypes] Signed-off-by: Rashika Kheria <rashika.kheria@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org> Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
2014-02-28Merge branch 'timers.2014.02.25a' of ↵Thomas Gleixner1-2/+28
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulmck/linux-rcu into timers/core Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2014-02-25timers: Make internal_add_timer() update ->next_timer if ->active_timers == 0Oleg Nesterov1-2/+2
The internal_add_timer() function updates base->next_timer only if timer->expires < base->next_timer. This is correct, but it also makes sense to do the same if we add the first non-deferrable timer. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org> Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Tested-by: Mike Galbraith <bitbucket@online.de>
2014-02-25timers: Reduce future __run_timers() latency for first add to empty listPaul E. McKenney1-0/+1
The __run_timers() function currently steps through the list one jiffy at a time in order to update the timer wheel. However, if the timer wheel is empty, no adjustment is needed other than updating ->timer_jiffies. Therefore, just before we add a timer to an empty timer wheel, we should mark the timer wheel as being up to date. This marking will reduce (and perhaps eliminate) the jiffy-stepping that a future __run_timers() call will need to do in response to some future timer posting or migration. This commit therefore updates ->timer_jiffies for this case. Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org> Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Tested-by: Mike Galbraith <bitbucket@online.de>
2014-02-25timers: Reduce future __run_timers() latency for newly emptied listPaul E. McKenney1-0/+2
The __run_timers() function currently steps through the list one jiffy at a time in order to update the timer wheel. However, if the timer wheel is empty, no adjustment is needed other than updating ->timer_jiffies. Therefore, if we just emptied the timer wheel, for example, by deleting the last timer, we should mark the timer wheel as being up to date. This marking will reduce (and perhaps eliminate) the jiffy-stepping that a future __run_timers() call will need to do in response to some future timer posting or migration. This commit therefore catches ->timer_jiffies for this case. Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org> Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Tested-by: Mike Galbraith <bitbucket@online.de>
2014-02-25timers: Reduce __run_timers() latency for empty listPaul E. McKenney1-0/+18
The __run_timers() function currently steps through the list one jiffy at a time in order to update the timer wheel. However, if the timer wheel is empty, no adjustment is needed other than updating ->timer_jiffies. In this case, which is likely to be common for NO_HZ_FULL kernels, the kernel currently incurs a large latency for no good reason. This commit therefore short-circuits this case. Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org> Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Tested-by: Mike Galbraith <bitbucket@online.de>
2014-02-25timers: Track total number of timers in listPaul E. McKenney1-0/+5
Currently, the tvec_base structure's ->active_timers field tracks only the non-deferrable timers, which means that even if ->active_timers is zero, there might well be deferrable timers in the list. This commit therefore adds an ->all_timers field to track all the timers, whether deferrable or not. Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org> Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Tested-by: Mike Galbraith <bitbucket@online.de>
2014-02-14nohz: ensure users are aware boot CPU is not NO_HZ_FULLPaul Gortmaker1-1/+1
This bit of information is in the Kconfig help text: "Note the boot CPU will still be kept outside the range to handle the timekeeping duty." However neither the variable NO_HZ_FULL_ALL, or the prompt convey this important detail, so lets add it to the prompt to make it more explicitly obvious to the average user. Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com> Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1391711781-7466-1-git-send-email-paul.gortmaker@windriver.com Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
2014-02-14timer: Spare IPI when deferrable timer is queued on idle remote targetsViresh Kumar1-1/+8
When a timer is enqueued or modified on a remote target, the latter is expected to see and handle this timer on its next tick. However if the target is idle and CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE=y, the CPU may be sleeping tickless and the timer may be ignored. wake_up_nohz_cpu() takes care of that by setting TIF_NEED_RESCHED and sending an IPI to idle targets so that the tick is reevaluated on the idle loop through the tick_nohz_idle_*() APIs. Now this is all performed regardless of the power properties of the timer. If the timer is deferrable, idle targets don't need to be woken up. Only the next buzy tick needs to care about it, and no IPI kick is needed for that to happen. So lets spare the IPI on idle targets when the timer is deferrable. Meanwhile we keep the current behaviour on full dynticks targets. We can spare IPIs on idle full dynticks targets as well but some tricky races against idle_cpu() must be dealt all along to make sure that the timer is well handled after idle exit. We can deal with that later since NO_HZ_FULL already has more important powersaving issues. Reported-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com> Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAKohpomMZ0TAN2e6N76_g4ZRzxd5vZ1XfuZfxrP7GMxfTNiLVw@mail.gmail.com Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
2014-02-09tick: Fixup more fallout from hrtimer broadcast modePreeti U Murthy2-2/+5
The hrtimer mode of broadcast is supported only when GENERIC_CLOCKEVENTS_BROADCAST and TICK_ONESHOT config options are enabled. Hence compile in the functions for hrtimer mode of broadcast only when these options are selected. Also fix max_delta_ticks value for the pseudo clock device. Reported-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Reported-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Preeti U Murthy <preeti@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/52F719EE.9010304@linux.vnet.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2014-02-07time: Fixup fallout from recent clockevent/tick changesThomas Gleixner1-1/+2
Make the stub function static inline instead of static and move the clockevents related function into the proper ifdeffed section. Reported-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Soren Brinkmann <soren.brinkmann@xilinx.com> Cc: Preeti U Murthy <preeti@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2014-02-07tick: Introduce hrtimer based broadcastPreeti U Murthy3-4/+158
On some architectures, in certain CPU deep idle states the local timers stop. An external clock device is used to wakeup these CPUs. The kernel support for the wakeup of these CPUs is provided by the tick broadcast framework by using the external clock device as the wakeup source. However not all implementations of architectures provide such an external clock device. This patch includes support in the broadcast framework to handle the wakeup of the CPUs in deep idle states on such systems by queuing a hrtimer on one of the CPUs, which is meant to handle the wakeup of CPUs in deep idle states. This patchset introduces a pseudo clock device which can be registered by the archs as tick_broadcast_device in the absence of a real external clock device. Once registered, the broadcast framework will work as is for these architectures as long as the archs take care of the BROADCAST_ENTER notification failing for one of the CPUs. This CPU is made the stand by CPU to handle wakeup of the CPUs in deep idle and it *must not enter deep idle states*. The CPU with the earliest wakeup is chosen to be this CPU. Hence this way the stand by CPU dynamically moves around and so does the hrtimer which is queued to trigger at the next earliest wakeup time. This is consistent with the case where an external clock device is present. The smp affinity of this clock device is set to the CPU with the earliest wakeup. This patchset handles the hotplug of the stand by CPU as well by moving the hrtimer on to the CPU handling the CPU_DEAD notification. Originally-from: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Preeti U Murthy <preeti@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: deepthi@linux.vnet.ibm.com Cc: paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com Cc: fweisbec@gmail.com Cc: paulus@samba.org Cc: srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com Cc: svaidy@linux.vnet.ibm.com Cc: peterz@infradead.org Cc: benh@kernel.crashing.org Cc: rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com Cc: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140207080632.17187.80532.stgit@preeti.in.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2014-02-07time: Change the return type of clockevents_notify() to integerPreeti U Murthy3-8/+12
The broadcast framework can potentially be made use of by archs which do not have an external clock device as well. Then, it is required that one of the CPUs need to handle the broadcasting of wakeup IPIs to the CPUs in deep idle. As a result its local timers should remain functional all the time. For such a CPU, the BROADCAST_ENTER notification has to fail indicating that its clock device cannot be shutdown. To make way for this support, change the return type of tick_broadcast_oneshot_control() and hence clockevents_notify() to indicate such scenarios. Signed-off-by: Preeti U Murthy <preeti@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: deepthi@linux.vnet.ibm.com Cc: paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com Cc: fweisbec@gmail.com Cc: paulus@samba.org Cc: srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com Cc: svaidy@linux.vnet.ibm.com Cc: peterz@infradead.org Cc: benh@kernel.crashing.org Cc: rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com Cc: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140207080606.17187.78306.stgit@preeti.in.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2014-02-07clockevents: Adjust timer interval when frequency changesSoren Brinkmann1-3/+6
clockevent devices in periodic mode are not updated when the frequency of the device changes. Issue a dev->set_mode() callback which forces the device to reevaluate the timer settings. Signed-off-by: Soren Brinkmann <soren.brinkmann@xilinx.com> Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org Cc: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@linaro.org> Cc: Michal Simek <michal.simek@xilinx.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1391466877-28908-3-git-send-email-soren.brinkmann@xilinx.com Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2014-02-07clockevents: Serialize calls to clockevents_update_freq() in the coreThomas Gleixner3-13/+45
We can identify the broadcast device in the core and serialize all callers including interrupts on a different CPU against the update. Also, disabling interrupts is moved into the core allowing callers to leave interrutps enabled when calling clockevents_update_freq(). Signed-off-by: Soren Brinkmann <soren.brinkmann@xilinx.com> Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org Cc: Soeren Brinkmann <soren.brinkmann@xilinx.com> Cc: Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@linaro.org> Cc: Michal Simek <michal.simek@xilinx.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1391466877-28908-2-git-send-email-soren.brinkmann@xilinx.com Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2014-02-07timekeeping: Move clock sync work to power efficient workqueueShaibal Dutta1-2/+3
For better use of CPU idle time, allow the scheduler to select the CPU on which the CMOS clock sync work would be scheduled. This improves idle residency time and conserver power. This functionality is enabled when CONFIG_WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT is selected. Signed-off-by: Shaibal Dutta <shaibal.dutta@broadcom.com> [zoran.markovic@linaro.org: Added commit message. Aligned code.] Signed-off-by: Zoran Markovic <zoran.markovic@linaro.org> Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1391195904-12497-1-git-send-email-zoran.markovic@linaro.org Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2014-01-31Merge branch 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds3-15/+16
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull timer/dynticks updates from Ingo Molnar: "This tree contains misc dynticks updates: a fix and three cleanups" * 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: sched/nohz: Fix overflow error in scheduler_tick_max_deferment() nohz_full: fix code style issue of tick_nohz_full_stop_tick nohz: Get timekeeping max deferment outside jiffies_lock tick: Rename tick_check_idle() to tick_irq_enter()
2014-01-31Merge branch 'sched-urgent-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds2-2/+5
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull scheduler fixes from Ingo Molnar: "A crash fix and documentation updates" * 'sched-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: sched: Make sched_class::get_rr_interval() optional sched/deadline: Add sched_dl documentation sched: Fix docbook parameter annotation error in wait.h
2014-01-31Merge branch 'core-urgent-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds4-8/+12
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull core debug changes from Ingo Molnar: "This contains mostly kernel debugging related updates: - make hung_task detection more configurable to distros - add final bits for x86 UV NMI debugging, with related KGDB changes - update the mailing-list of MAINTAINERS entries I'm involved with" * 'core-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: hung_task: Display every hung task warning sysctl: Add neg_one as a standard constraint x86/uv/nmi, kgdb/kdb: Fix UV NMI handler when KDB not configured x86/uv/nmi: Fix Sparse warnings kgdb/kdb: Fix no KDB config problem MAINTAINERS: Restore "L: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org" entries
2014-01-30kernel/smp.c: remove cpumask_ipiRoman Gushchin1-16/+1
After commit 9a46ad6d6df3 ("smp: make smp_call_function_many() use logic similar to smp_call_function_single()"), cfd->cpumask is accessed only in smp_call_function_many(). So there is no more need to copy it into cfd->cpumask_ipi before putting csd into the list. The cpumask_ipi field is obsolete and can be removed. Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Cc: Wang YanQing <udknight@gmail.com> Cc: Xie XiuQi <xiexiuqi@huawei.com> Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-30kernel: use lockless list for smp_call_function_singleChristoph Hellwig1-38/+13
Make smp_call_function_single and friends more efficient by using a lockless list. Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-30Merge branch 'for-3.14/core' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-blockLinus Torvalds2-8/+9
Pull core block IO changes from Jens Axboe: "The major piece in here is the immutable bio_ve series from Kent, the rest is fairly minor. It was supposed to go in last round, but various issues pushed it to this release instead. The pull request contains: - Various smaller blk-mq fixes from different folks. Nothing major here, just minor fixes and cleanups. - Fix for a memory leak in the error path in the block ioctl code from Christian Engelmayer. - Header export fix from CaiZhiyong. - Finally the immutable biovec changes from Kent Overstreet. This enables some nice future work on making arbitrarily sized bios possible, and splitting more efficient. Related fixes to immutable bio_vecs: - dm-cache immutable fixup from Mike Snitzer. - btrfs immutable fixup from Muthu Kumar. - bio-integrity fix from Nic Bellinger, which is also going to stable" * 'for-3.14/core' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block: (44 commits) xtensa: fixup simdisk driver to work with immutable bio_vecs block/blk-mq-cpu.c: use hotcpu_notifier() blk-mq: for_each_* macro correctness block: Fix memory leak in rw_copy_check_uvector() handling bio-integrity: Fix bio_integrity_verify segment start bug block: remove unrelated header files and export symbol blk-mq: uses page->list incorrectly blk-mq: use __smp_call_function_single directly btrfs: fix missing increment of bi_remaining Revert "block: Warn and free bio if bi_end_io is not set" block: Warn and free bio if bi_end_io is not set blk-mq: fix initializing request's start time block: blk-mq: don't export blk_mq_free_queue() block: blk-mq: make blk_sync_queue support mq block: blk-mq: support draining mq queue dm cache: increment bi_remaining when bi_end_io is restored block: fixup for generic bio chaining block: Really silence spurious compiler warnings block: Silence spurious compiler warnings block: Kill bio_pair_split() ...
2014-01-28Merge branch 'for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-11/+0
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs Pull vfs updates from Al Viro: "Assorted stuff; the biggest pile here is Christoph's ACL series. Plus assorted cleanups and fixes all over the place... There will be another pile later this week" * 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (43 commits) __dentry_path() fixes vfs: Remove second variable named error in __dentry_path vfs: Is mounted should be testing mnt_ns for NULL or error. Fix race when checking i_size on direct i/o read hfsplus: remove can_set_xattr nfsd: use get_acl and ->set_acl fs: remove generic_acl nfs: use generic posix ACL infrastructure for v3 Posix ACLs gfs2: use generic posix ACL infrastructure jfs: use generic posix ACL infrastructure xfs: use generic posix ACL infrastructure reiserfs: use generic posix ACL infrastructure ocfs2: use generic posix ACL infrastructure jffs2: use generic posix ACL infrastructure hfsplus: use generic posix ACL infrastructure f2fs: use generic posix ACL infrastructure ext2/3/4: use generic posix ACL infrastructure btrfs: use generic posix ACL infrastructure fs: make posix_acl_create more useful fs: make posix_acl_chmod more useful ...
2014-01-28sched: Make sched_class::get_rr_interval() optionalPeter Zijlstra1-1/+3
Not all classes implement (or can implement) a useful get_rr_interval() function, default to a 0 time-slice for them. This fixes a crash reported by Tommi Rantala. Reported-by: Tommi Rantala <tt.rantala@gmail.com> Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com> Cc: Tommi Rantala <tt.rantala@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140127105413.GC11314@laptop.programming.kicks-ass.net Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2014-01-28sched/deadline: Add sched_dl documentationDario Faggioli1-1/+2
Add in Documentation/scheduler/ some hints about the design choices, the usage and the future possible developments of the sched_dl scheduling class and of the SCHED_DEADLINE policy. Reviewed-by: Henrik Austad <henrik@austad.us> Signed-off-by: Dario Faggioli <raistlin@linux.it> Signed-off-by: Juri Lelli <juri.lelli@gmail.com> [ Re-wrote sections 2 and 3. ] Signed-off-by: Luca Abeni <luca.abeni@unitn.it> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1390821615-23247-1-git-send-email-juri.lelli@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2014-01-27softirq: use const char * const for softirq_to_name, whitespace neateningJoe Perches1-16/+9
Reduce data size a little. Reduce checkpatch noise. $ size kernel/softirq.o* text data bss dec hex filename 11554 6013 4008 21575 5447 kernel/softirq.o.new 11474 6093 4008 21575 5447 kernel/softirq.o.old Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-27softirq: convert printks to pr_<level>Joe Perches1-2/+4
Use a more current logging style. Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-27softirq: use ffs() in __do_softirq()Joe Perches1-21/+22
Possible speed improvement of __do_softirq() by using ffs() instead of using a while loop with an & 1 test then single bit shift. Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-27kernel/kexec.c: use vscnprintf() instead of vsnprintf() in ↵Chen Gang1-1/+1
vmcoreinfo_append_str() vsnprintf() may let 'r' larger than sizeof(buf), in this case, if 'r' is also less than "vmcoreinfo_max_size - vmcoreinfo_size" (left size of destination buffer), next memcpy() will read the unexpected addresses. Signed-off-by: Chen Gang <gang.chen@asianux.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-27Merge tag 'trace-fixes-3.14' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-32/+81
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace Pull tracing fixes from Steven Rostedt: "The first two patches fix the debugfs README file to reflect better the new features added to 3.14. The third patch is a minor bugfix to the trace_puts() functions that will crash the system if a developer adds one before the tracing system is setup. It also affects trace_printk() if it has no arguments, as the code will convert it to a trace_puts() as well. Note, this bug will not affect unmodified kernels, as trace_printk() and trace_puts() should only be used by developers for testing" * tag 'trace-fixes-3.14' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace: tracing: Check if tracing is enabled in trace_puts() tracing: Fix formatting of trace README file tracing/README: Add event file usage to tracing mini-HOWTO
2014-01-25Merge branch 'sched-urgent-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds2-19/+42
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull scheduler fixes from Ingo Molnar: "A couple of regression fixes mostly hitting virtualized setups, but also some bare metal systems" * 'sched-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: sched/x86/tsc: Initialize multiplier to 0 sched/clock: Fixup early initialization sched/preempt/x86: Fix voluntary preempt for x86 Revert "sched: Fix sleep time double accounting in enqueue entity"
2014-01-25hung_task: Display every hung task warningAaron Tomlin2-5/+9
When khungtaskd detects hung tasks, it prints out backtraces from a number of those tasks. Limiting the number of backtraces being printed out can result in the user not seeing the information necessary to debug the issue. The hung_task_warnings sysctl controls this feature. This patch makes it possible for hung_task_warnings to accept a special value to print an unlimited number of backtraces when khungtaskd detects hung tasks. The special value is -1. To use this value it is necessary to change types from ulong to int. Signed-off-by: Aaron Tomlin <atomlin@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: oleg@redhat.com Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1390239253-24030-3-git-send-email-atomlin@redhat.com [ Build warning fix. ] Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2014-01-25introduce __fcheck_files() to fix rcu_dereference_check_fdtable(), kill ↵Oleg Nesterov1-11/+0
rcu_my_thread_group_empty() rcu_dereference_check_fdtable() looks very wrong, 1. rcu_my_thread_group_empty() was added by 844b9a8707f1 "vfs: fix RCU-lockdep false positive due to /proc" but it doesn't really fix the problem. A CLONE_THREAD (without CLONE_FILES) task can hit the same race with get_files_struct(). And otoh rcu_my_thread_group_empty() can suppress the correct warning if the caller is the CLONE_FILES (without CLONE_THREAD) task. 2. files->count == 1 check is not really right too. Even if this files_struct is not shared it is not safe to access it lockless unless the caller is the owner. Otoh, this check is sub-optimal. files->count == 0 always means it is safe to use it lockless even if files != current->files, but put_files_struct() has to take rcu_read_lock(). See the next patch. This patch removes the buggy checks and turns fcheck_files() into __fcheck_files() which uses rcu_dereference_raw(), the "unshared" callers, fget_light() and fget_raw_light(), can use it to avoid the warning from RCU-lockdep. fcheck_files() is trivially reimplemented as rcu_lockdep_assert() plus __fcheck_files(). Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2014-01-25sysctl: Add neg_one as a standard constraintAaron Tomlin1-0/+1
Add neg_one to the list of standard constraints - will be used by the next patch. Signed-off-by: Aaron Tomlin <atomlin@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: oleg@redhat.com Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1390239253-24030-2-git-send-email-atomlin@redhat.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2014-01-25kgdb/kdb: Fix no KDB config problemMike Travis2-4/+3
Some code added to the debug_core module had KDB dependencies that it shouldn't have. Move the KDB dependent REASON back to the caller to remove the dependency in the debug core code. Update the call from the UV NMI handler to conform to the new interface. Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com> Reviewed-by: Hedi Berriche <hedi@sgi.com> Cc: Russ Anderson <rja@sgi.com> Cc: Jason Wessel <jason.wessel@windriver.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@ghostprotocols.net> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140114162551.318251993@asylum.americas.sgi.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2014-01-25Merge branch 'timers/core' of ↵Ingo Molnar3-15/+16
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/frederic/linux-dynticks into timers/urgent Pull dynticks cleanups from Frederic Weisbecker. Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2014-01-24Merge tag 'pm+acpi-3.14-rc1' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-3/+4
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm Pull ACPI and power management updates from Rafael Wysocki: "As far as the number of commits goes, the top spot belongs to ACPI this time with cpufreq in the second position and a handful of PM core, PNP and cpuidle updates. They are fixes and cleanups mostly, as usual, with a couple of new features in the mix. The most visible change is probably that we will create struct acpi_device objects (visible in sysfs) for all devices represented in the ACPI tables regardless of their status and there will be a new sysfs attribute under those objects allowing user space to check that status via _STA. Consequently, ACPI device eject or generally hot-removal will not delete those objects, unless the table containing the corresponding namespace nodes is unloaded, which is extremely rare. Also ACPI container hotplug will be handled quite a bit differently and cpufreq will support CPU boost ("turbo") generically and not only in the acpi-cpufreq driver. Specifics: - ACPI core changes to make it create a struct acpi_device object for every device represented in the ACPI tables during all namespace scans regardless of the current status of that device. In accordance with this, ACPI hotplug operations will not delete those objects, unless the underlying ACPI tables go away. - On top of the above, new sysfs attribute for ACPI device objects allowing user space to check device status by triggering the execution of _STA for its ACPI object. From Srinivas Pandruvada. - ACPI core hotplug changes reducing code duplication, integrating the PCI root hotplug with the core and reworking container hotplug. - ACPI core simplifications making it use ACPI_COMPANION() in the code "glueing" ACPI device objects to "physical" devices. - ACPICA update to upstream version 20131218. This adds support for the DBG2 and PCCT tables to ACPICA, fixes some bugs and improves debug facilities. From Bob Moore, Lv Zheng and Betty Dall. - Init code change to carry out the early ACPI initialization earlier. That should allow us to use ACPI during the timekeeping initialization and possibly to simplify the EFI initialization too. From Chun-Yi Lee. - Clenups of the inclusions of ACPI headers in many places all over from Lv Zheng and Rashika Kheria (work in progress). - New helper for ACPI _DSM execution and rework of the code in drivers that uses _DSM to execute it via the new helper. From Jiang Liu. - New Win8 OSI blacklist entries from Takashi Iwai. - Assorted ACPI fixes and cleanups from Al Stone, Emil Goode, Hanjun Guo, Lan Tianyu, Masanari Iida, Oliver Neukum, Prarit Bhargava, Rashika Kheria, Tang Chen, Zhang Rui. - intel_pstate driver updates, including proper Baytrail support, from Dirk Brandewie and intel_pstate documentation from Ramkumar Ramachandra. - Generic CPU boost ("turbo") support for cpufreq from Lukasz Majewski. - powernow-k6 cpufreq driver fixes from Mikulas Patocka. - cpufreq core fixes and cleanups from Viresh Kumar, Jane Li, Mark Brown. - Assorted cpufreq drivers fixes and cleanups from Anson Huang, John Tobias, Paul Bolle, Paul Walmsley, Sachin Kamat, Shawn Guo, Viresh Kumar. - cpuidle cleanups from Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz. - Support for hibernation APM events from Bin Shi. - Hibernation fix to avoid bringing up nonboot CPUs with ACPI EC disabled during thaw transitions from Bjørn Mork. - PM core fixes and cleanups from Ben Dooks, Leonardo Potenza, Ulf Hansson. - PNP subsystem fixes and cleanups from Dmitry Torokhov, Levente Kurusa, Rashika Kheria. - New tool for profiling system suspend from Todd E Brandt and a cpupower tool cleanup from One Thousand Gnomes" * tag 'pm+acpi-3.14-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm: (153 commits) thermal: exynos: boost: Automatic enable/disable of BOOST feature (at Exynos4412) cpufreq: exynos4x12: Change L0 driver data to CPUFREQ_BOOST_FREQ Documentation: cpufreq / boost: Update BOOST documentation cpufreq: exynos: Extend Exynos cpufreq driver to support boost cpufreq / boost: Kconfig: Support for software-managed BOOST acpi-cpufreq: Adjust the code to use the common boost attribute cpufreq: Add boost frequency support in core intel_pstate: Add trace point to report internal state. cpufreq: introduce cpufreq_generic_get() routine ARM: SA1100: Create dummy clk_get_rate() to avoid build failures cpufreq: stats: create sysfs entries when cpufreq_stats is a module cpufreq: stats: free table and remove sysfs entry in a single routine cpufreq: stats: remove hotplug notifiers cpufreq: stats: handle cpufreq_unregister_driver() and suspend/resume properly cpufreq: speedstep: remove unused speedstep_get_state platform: introduce OF style 'modalias' support for platform bus PM / tools: new tool for suspend/resume performance optimization ACPI: fix module autoloading for ACPI enumerated devices ACPI: add module autoloading support for ACPI enumerated devices ACPI: fix create_modalias() return value handling ...
2014-01-23Merge branch 'akpm' (incoming from Andrew)Linus Torvalds8-22/+63
Merge second patch-bomb from Andrew Morton: - various misc bits - the rest of MM - add generic fixmap.h, use it - backlight updates - dynamic_debug updates - printk() updates - checkpatch updates - binfmt_elf - ramfs - init/ - autofs4 - drivers/rtc - nilfs - hfsplus - Documentation/ - coredump - procfs - fork - exec - kexec - kdump - partitions - rapidio - rbtree - userns - memstick - w1 - decompressors * emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (197 commits) lib/decompress_unlz4.c: always set an error return code on failures romfs: fix returm err while getting inode in fill_super drivers/w1/masters/w1-gpio.c: add strong pullup emulation drivers/memstick/host/rtsx_pci_ms.c: fix ms card data transfer bug userns: relax the posix_acl_valid() checks arch/sh/kernel/dwarf.c: use rbtree postorder iteration helper instead of solution using repeated rb_erase() fs-ext3-use-rbtree-postorder-iteration-helper-instead-of-opencoding-fix fs/ext3: use rbtree postorder iteration helper instead of opencoding fs/jffs2: use rbtree postorder iteration helper instead of opencoding fs/ext4: use rbtree postorder iteration helper instead of opencoding fs/ubifs: use rbtree postorder iteration helper instead of opencoding net/netfilter/ipset/ip_set_hash_netiface.c: use rbtree postorder iteration instead of opencoding rbtree/test: test rbtree_postorder_for_each_entry_safe() rbtree/test: move rb_node to the middle of the test struct rapidio: add modular rapidio core build into powerpc and mips branches partitions/efi: complete documentation of gpt kernel param purpose kdump: add /sys/kernel/vmcoreinfo ABI documentation kdump: fix exported size of vmcoreinfo note kexec: add sysctl to disable kexec_load fs/exec.c: call arch_pick_mmap_layout() only once ...
2014-01-23Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/herbert/crypto-2.6Linus Torvalds1-1/+1
Pull crypto update from Herbert Xu: "Here is the crypto update for 3.14: - Improved crypto_memneq helper - Use cyprto_memneq in arch-specific crypto code - Replaced orphaned DCP driver with Freescale MXS DCP driver - Added AVX/AVX2 version of AESNI-GCM encode and decode - Added AMD Cryptographic Coprocessor (CCP) driver - Misc fixes" * git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/herbert/crypto-2.6: (41 commits) crypto: aesni - fix build on x86 (32bit) crypto: mxs - Fix sparse non static symbol warning crypto: ccp - CCP device enabled/disabled changes crypto: ccp - Cleanup hash invocation calls crypto: ccp - Change data length declarations to u64 crypto: ccp - Check for caller result area before using it crypto: ccp - Cleanup scatterlist usage crypto: ccp - Apply appropriate gfp_t type to memory allocations crypto: drivers - Sort drivers/crypto/Makefile ARM: mxs: dts: Enable DCP for MXS crypto: mxs - Add Freescale MXS DCP driver crypto: mxs - Remove the old DCP driver crypto: ahash - Fully restore ahash request before completing crypto: aesni - fix build on x86 (32bit) crypto: talitos - Remove redundant dev_set_drvdata crypto: ccp - Remove redundant dev_set_drvdata crypto: crypto4xx - Remove redundant dev_set_drvdata crypto: caam - simplify and harden key parsing crypto: omap-sham - Fix Polling mode for larger blocks crypto: tcrypt - Added speed tests for AEAD crypto alogrithms in tcrypt test suite ...
2014-01-23Merge git://git.infradead.org/users/eparis/auditLinus Torvalds5-193/+326
Pull audit update from Eric Paris: "Again we stayed pretty well contained inside the audit system. Venturing out was fixing a couple of function prototypes which were inconsistent (didn't hurt anything, but we used the same value as an int, uint, u32, and I think even a long in a couple of places). We also made a couple of minor changes to when a couple of LSMs called the audit system. We hoped to add aarch64 audit support this go round, but it wasn't ready. I'm disappearing on vacation on Thursday. I should have internet access, but it'll be spotty. If anything goes wrong please be sure to cc rgb@redhat.com. He'll make fixing things his top priority" * git://git.infradead.org/users/eparis/audit: (50 commits) audit: whitespace fix in kernel-parameters.txt audit: fix location of __net_initdata for audit_net_ops audit: remove pr_info for every network namespace audit: Modify a set of system calls in audit class definitions audit: Convert int limit uses to u32 audit: Use more current logging style audit: Use hex_byte_pack_upper audit: correct a type mismatch in audit_syscall_exit() audit: reorder AUDIT_TTY_SET arguments audit: rework AUDIT_TTY_SET to only grab spin_lock once audit: remove needless switch in AUDIT_SET audit: use define's for audit version audit: documentation of audit= kernel parameter audit: wait_for_auditd rework for readability audit: update MAINTAINERS audit: log task info on feature change audit: fix incorrect set of audit_sock audit: print error message when fail to create audit socket audit: fix dangling keywords in audit_log_set_loginuid() output audit: log on errors from filter user rules ...
2014-01-23kdump: fix exported size of vmcoreinfo noteVivek Goyal1-1/+1
Right now we seem to be exporting the max data size contained inside vmcoreinfo note. But this does not include the size of meta data around vmcore info data. Like name of the note and starting and ending elf_note. I think user space expects total size and that size is put in PT_NOTE elf header. Things seem to be fine so far because we are not using vmcoreinfo note to the maximum capacity. But as it starts filling up, to capacity, at some point of time, problem will be visible. I don't think user space will be broken with this change. So there is no need to introduce vmcoreinfo2. This change is safe and backward compatible. More explanation on why this change is safe is below. vmcoreinfo contains information about kernel which user space needs to know to do things like filtering. For example, various kernel config options or information about size or offset of some data structures etc. All this information is commmunicated to user space with an ELF note present in ELF /proc/vmcore file. Currently vmcoreinfo data size is 4096. With some elf note meta data around it, actual size is 4132 bytes. But we are using barely 25% of that size. Rest is empty. So even if we tell user space that size of ELf note is 4096 and not 4132, nothing will be broken becase after around 1000 bytes, everything is zero anyway. But once we start filling up the note to the capacity, and not report the full size of note, bad things will start happening. Either some data will be lost or tools will be confused that they did not fine the zero note at the end. So I think this change is safe and should not break existing tools. Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com> Cc: Ken'ichi Ohmichi <oomichi@mxs.nes.nec.co.jp> Cc: Dan Aloni <da-x@monatomic.org> Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-23kexec: add sysctl to disable kexec_loadKees Cook2-1/+15
For general-purpose (i.e. distro) kernel builds it makes sense to build with CONFIG_KEXEC to allow end users to choose what kind of things they want to do with kexec. However, in the face of trying to lock down a system with such a kernel, there needs to be a way to disable kexec_load (much like module loading can be disabled). Without this, it is too easy for the root user to modify kernel memory even when CONFIG_STRICT_DEVMEM and modules_disabled are set. With this change, it is still possible to load an image for use later, then disable kexec_load so the image (or lack of image) can't be altered. The intention is for using this in environments where "perfect" enforcement is hard. Without a verified boot, along with verified modules, and along with verified kexec, this is trying to give a system a better chance to defend itself (or at least grow the window of discoverability) against attack in the face of a privilege escalation. In my mind, I consider several boot scenarios: 1) Verified boot of read-only verified root fs loading fd-based verification of kexec images. 2) Secure boot of writable root fs loading signed kexec images. 3) Regular boot loading kexec (e.g. kcrash) image early and locking it. 4) Regular boot with no control of kexec image at all. 1 and 2 don't exist yet, but will soon once the verified kexec series has landed. 4 is the state of things now. The gap between 2 and 4 is too large, so this change creates scenario 3, a middle-ground above 4 when 2 and 1 are not possible for a system. Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com> Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-23kernel/signal.c: change do_signal_stop/do_sigaction to use while_each_thread()Oleg Nesterov1-4/+3
Change do_signal_stop() and do_sigaction() to avoid next_thread() and use while_each_thread() instead. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Reviewed-by: Sameer Nanda <snanda@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-23kernel/sys.c: k_getrusage() can use while_each_thread()Oleg Nesterov1-2/+1
Change k_getrusage() to use while_each_thread(), no changes in the compiled code. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Reviewed-by: Sameer Nanda <snanda@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-23exec: kill task_struct->did_execOleg Nesterov2-4/+2
We can kill either task->did_exec or PF_FORKNOEXEC, they are mutually exclusive. The patch kills ->did_exec because it has a single user. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-23kernel/fork.c: remove redundant NULL check in dup_mm()Daeseok Youn1-3/+0
current->mm doesn't need a NULL check in dup_mm(). Becasue dup_mm() is used only in copy_mm() and current->mm is checked whether it is NULL or not in copy_mm() before calling dup_mm(). Signed-off-by: Daeseok Youn <daeseok.youn@gmail.com> Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-23kernel/fork.c: fix coding style issuesDaeseok Youn1-2/+2
Fix errors reported by checkpatch.pl. One error is parentheses, the other is a whitespace issue. Signed-off-by: Daeseok Youn <daeseok.youn@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>