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A new dynamic event is introduced: event probe. The event is attached
to an existing tracepoint and uses its fields as arguments. The user
can specify custom format string of the new event, select what tracepoint
arguments will be printed and how to print them.
An event probe is created by writing configuration string in
'dynamic_events' ftrace file:
e[:[SNAME/]ENAME] SYSTEM/EVENT [FETCHARGS] - Set an event probe
-:SNAME/ENAME - Delete an event probe
Where:
SNAME - System name, if omitted 'eprobes' is used.
ENAME - Name of the new event in SNAME, if omitted the SYSTEM_EVENT is used.
SYSTEM - Name of the system, where the tracepoint is defined, mandatory.
EVENT - Name of the tracepoint event in SYSTEM, mandatory.
FETCHARGS - Arguments:
<name>=$<field>[:TYPE] - Fetch given filed of the tracepoint and print
it as given TYPE with given name. Supported
types are:
(u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), basic type
(x8/x16/x32/x64), hexadecimal types
"string", "ustring" and bitfield.
Example, attach an event probe on openat system call and print name of the
file that will be opened:
echo "e:esys/eopen syscalls/sys_enter_openat file=\$filename:string" >> dynamic_events
A new dynamic event is created in events/esys/eopen/ directory. It
can be deleted with:
echo "-:esys/eopen" >> dynamic_events
Filters, triggers and histograms can be attached to the new event, it can
be matched in synthetic events. There is one limitation - an event probe
can not be attached to kprobe, uprobe or another event probe.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210812145805.2292326-1-tz.stoyanov@gmail.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210819152825.142428383@goodmis.org
Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Co-developed-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Tzvetomir Stoyanov (VMware) <tz.stoyanov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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As dynamic events are not created by modules, if something is attached to
one, calling "try_module_get()" on its "mod" field, is not going to keep
the dynamic event from going away.
Since dynamic events do not need the "mod" pointer of the event structure,
make a union out of it in order to save memory (there's one structure for
each of the thousand+ events in the kernel), and have any event with the
DYNAMIC flag set to use a ref counter instead.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-trace-devel/20210813004448.51c7de69ce432d338f4d226b@kernel.org/
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210817035027.174869074@goodmis.org
Suggested-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Fix the description of the parameters.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210515105735.52785-1-hqjagain@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Qiujun Huang <hqjagain@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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The ring_buffer_event_time_stamp() is going to be updated to extract the
time stamp for the event without needing it to be set to have absolute
values for all events. But to do so, it needs the buffer that the event is
on as the buffer saves information for the event before it is committed to
the buffer.
If the trace buffer is disabled, a temporary buffer is used, and there's
no access to this buffer from the current histogram triggers, even though
it is passed to the trace event code.
Pass the buffer that the event is on all the way down to the histogram
triggers.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210316164113.542448131@goodmis.org
Reviewed-by: Tom Zanussi <zanussi@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Fix the event trigger to accept redundant spaces in
the trigger input.
For example, these return -EINVAL
echo " traceon" > events/ftrace/print/trigger
echo "traceon if common_pid == 0" > events/ftrace/print/trigger
echo "disable_event:kmem:kmalloc " > events/ftrace/print/trigger
But these are hard to find what is wrong.
To fix this issue, use skip_spaces() to remove spaces
in front of actual tokens, and set NULL if there is no
token.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/159262476352.185015.5261566783045364186.stgit@devnote2
Cc: Tom Zanussi <zanussi@kernel.org>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 85f2b08268c0 ("tracing: Add basic event trigger framework")
Reviewed-by: Tom Zanussi <zanussi@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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triggering 'snapshot' operation
Traced event can trigger 'snapshot' operation(i.e. calls snapshot_trigger()
or snapshot_count_trigger()) when register_snapshot_trigger() has completed
registration but doesn't allocate buffer for 'snapshot' event trigger. In
the rare case, 'snapshot' operation always detects the lack of allocated
buffer so make register_snapshot_trigger() allocate buffer first.
trigger-snapshot.tc in kselftest reproduces the issue on slow vm:
-----------------------------------------------------------
cat trace
...
ftracetest-3028 [002] .... 236.784290: sched_process_fork: comm=ftracetest pid=3028 child_comm=ftracetest child_pid=3036
<...>-2875 [003] .... 240.460335: tracing_snapshot_instance_cond: *** SNAPSHOT NOT ALLOCATED ***
<...>-2875 [003] .... 240.460338: tracing_snapshot_instance_cond: *** stopping trace here! ***
-----------------------------------------------------------
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200414015145.66236-1-yangx.jy@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 93e31ffbf417a ("tracing: Add 'snapshot' event trigger command")
Signed-off-by: Xiao Yang <yangx.jy@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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if seq_file .next fuction does not change position index,
read after some lseek can generate unexpected output.
Without patch:
# dd bs=30 skip=1 if=/sys/kernel/tracing/events/sched/sched_switch/trigger
dd: /sys/kernel/tracing/events/sched/sched_switch/trigger: cannot skip to specified offset
n traceoff snapshot stacktrace enable_event disable_event enable_hist disable_hist hist
# Available triggers:
# traceon traceoff snapshot stacktrace enable_event disable_event enable_hist disable_hist hist
6+1 records in
6+1 records out
206 bytes copied, 0.00027916 s, 738 kB/s
Notice the printing of "# Available triggers:..." after the line.
With the patch:
# dd bs=30 skip=1 if=/sys/kernel/tracing/events/sched/sched_switch/trigger
dd: /sys/kernel/tracing/events/sched/sched_switch/trigger: cannot skip to specified offset
n traceoff snapshot stacktrace enable_event disable_event enable_hist disable_hist hist
2+1 records in
2+1 records out
88 bytes copied, 0.000526867 s, 167 kB/s
It only prints the end of the file, and does not restart.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/3c35ee24-dd3a-8119-9c19-552ed253388a@virtuozzo.com
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=206283
Signed-off-by: Vasily Averin <vvs@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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With CONFIG_PROVE_RCU_LIST, I had many suspicious RCU warnings
when I ran ftracetest trigger testcases.
-----
# dmesg -c > /dev/null
# ./ftracetest test.d/trigger
...
# dmesg | grep "RCU-list traversed" | cut -f 2 -d ] | cut -f 2 -d " "
kernel/trace/trace_events_hist.c:6070
kernel/trace/trace_events_hist.c:1760
kernel/trace/trace_events_hist.c:5911
kernel/trace/trace_events_trigger.c:504
kernel/trace/trace_events_hist.c:1810
kernel/trace/trace_events_hist.c:3158
kernel/trace/trace_events_hist.c:3105
kernel/trace/trace_events_hist.c:5518
kernel/trace/trace_events_hist.c:5998
kernel/trace/trace_events_hist.c:6019
kernel/trace/trace_events_hist.c:6044
kernel/trace/trace_events_trigger.c:1500
kernel/trace/trace_events_trigger.c:1540
kernel/trace/trace_events_trigger.c:539
kernel/trace/trace_events_trigger.c:584
-----
I investigated those warnings and found that the RCU-list
traversals in event trigger and hist didn't need to use
RCU version because those were called only under event_mutex.
I also checked other RCU-list traversals related to event
trigger list, and found that most of them were called from
event_hist_trigger_func() or hist_unregister_trigger() or
register/unregister functions except for a few cases.
Replace these unneeded RCU-list traversals with normal list
traversal macro and lockdep_assert_held() to check the
event_mutex is held.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/157680910305.11685.15110237954275915782.stgit@devnote2
Reviewed-by: Tom Zanussi <zanussi@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Add per-event settings for boottime tracing. User can set filter,
actions and enable on each event on boot. The event entries are
under ftrace.event.GROUP.EVENT node (note that the option key
includes event's group name and event name.) This supports below
configs.
- ftrace.event.GROUP.EVENT.enable
Enables GROUP:EVENT tracing.
- ftrace.event.GROUP.EVENT.filter = FILTER
Set FILTER rule to the GROUP:EVENT.
- ftrace.event.GROUP.EVENT.actions = ACTION[, ACTION2...]
Set ACTIONs to the GROUP:EVENT.
For example,
ftrace.event.sched.sched_process_exec {
filter = "pid < 128"
enable
}
this will enable tracing "sched:sched_process_exec" event
with "pid < 128" filter.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/157867238942.17873.11177628789184546198.stgit@devnote2
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Added various checks on open tracefs calls to see if tracefs is in lockdown
mode, and if so, to return -EPERM.
Note, the event format files (which are basically standard on all machines)
as well as the enabled_functions file (which shows what is currently being
traced) are not lockde down. Perhaps they should be, but it seems counter
intuitive to lockdown information to help you know if the system has been
modified.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAHk-=wj7fGPKUspr579Cii-w_y60PtRaiDgKuxVtBAMK0VNNkA@mail.gmail.com
Suggested-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Pass in the trace_array that represents the instance the filter being
changed is in to create_event_filter(). This will allow for error messages
that happen when writing to the filter can be displayed in the proper
instance "error_log" file.
Note, for calls to create_filter() (that was also modified to support
create_event_filter()), that changes filters that do not exist in a instance
(for perf for example), NULL may be passed in, which means that there will
not be any message to log for that filter.
Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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When create_event_filter() fails in set_trigger_filter(), the filter may
still be allocated and needs to be freed. The caller expects the
data->filter to be updated with the new filter, even if the new filter
failed (we could add an error message by setting set_str parameter of
create_event_filter(), but that's another update).
But because the error would just exit, filter was left hanging and
nothing could free it.
Found by kmemleak detector.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: bac5fb97a173a ("tracing: Add and use generic set_trigger_filter() implementation")
Reviewed-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Add the SPDX License header to ease license compliance management.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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tracepoint_synchronize_unregister()
Now that some trace events can be protected by srcu_read_lock(tracepoint_srcu),
we need to make sure all locations that depend on this are also protected.
There were many places that did a synchronize_sched() thinking that it was
enough to protect againts access to trace events. This use to be the case,
but now that we use SRCU for _rcuidle() trace events, they may not be
protected by synchronize_sched(), as they may be called in paths that RCU is
not watching for preempt disable.
Fixes: e6753f23d961d ("tracepoint: Make rcuidle tracepoint callers use SRCU")
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Nothing uses unregister_trigger() outside of trace_events_trigger.c file,
thus it should be static. Not sure why this was ever converted, because
its counter part, register_trigger(), was always static.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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There was a case that triggered a double free in event_trigger_callback()
due to the called reg() function freeing the trigger_data and then it
getting freed again by the error return by the caller. The solution there
was to up the trigger_data ref count.
Code inspection found that event_enable_trigger_func() has the same issue,
but is not as easy to trigger (requires harder to trigger failures). It
needs to be solved slightly different as it needs more to clean up when the
reg() function fails.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180725124008.7008e586@gandalf.local.home
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 7862ad1846e99 ("tracing: Add 'enable_event' and 'disable_event' event trigger commands")
Reivewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Running the following:
# cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing
# echo 500000 > buffer_size_kb
[ Or some other number that takes up most of memory ]
# echo snapshot > events/sched/sched_switch/trigger
Triggers the following bug:
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at mm/slub.c:296!
invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP DEBUG_PAGEALLOC PTI
CPU: 6 PID: 6878 Comm: bash Not tainted 4.18.0-rc6-test+ #1066
Hardware name: Hewlett-Packard HP Compaq Pro 6300 SFF/339A, BIOS K01 v03.03 07/14/2016
RIP: 0010:kfree+0x16c/0x180
Code: 05 41 0f b6 72 51 5b 5d 41 5c 4c 89 d7 e9 ac b3 f8 ff 48 89 d9 48 89 da 41 b8 01 00 00 00 5b 5d 41 5c 4c 89 d6 e9 f4 f3 ff ff <0f> 0b 0f 0b 48 8b 3d d9 d8 f9 00 e9 c1 fe ff ff 0f 1f 40 00 0f 1f
RSP: 0018:ffffb654436d3d88 EFLAGS: 00010246
RAX: ffff91a9d50f3d80 RBX: ffff91a9d50f3d80 RCX: ffff91a9d50f3d80
RDX: 00000000000006a4 RSI: ffff91a9de5a60e0 RDI: ffff91a9d9803500
RBP: ffffffff8d267c80 R08: 00000000000260e0 R09: ffffffff8c1a56be
R10: fffff0d404543cc0 R11: 0000000000000389 R12: ffffffff8c1a56be
R13: ffff91a9d9930e18 R14: ffff91a98c0c2890 R15: ffffffff8d267d00
FS: 00007f363ea64700(0000) GS:ffff91a9de580000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 000055c1cacc8e10 CR3: 00000000d9b46003 CR4: 00000000001606e0
Call Trace:
event_trigger_callback+0xee/0x1d0
event_trigger_write+0xfc/0x1a0
__vfs_write+0x33/0x190
? handle_mm_fault+0x115/0x230
? _cond_resched+0x16/0x40
vfs_write+0xb0/0x190
ksys_write+0x52/0xc0
do_syscall_64+0x5a/0x160
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe
RIP: 0033:0x7f363e16ab50
Code: 73 01 c3 48 8b 0d 38 83 2c 00 f7 d8 64 89 01 48 83 c8 ff c3 66 0f 1f 44 00 00 83 3d 79 db 2c 00 00 75 10 b8 01 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 31 c3 48 83 ec 08 e8 1e e3 01 00 48 89 04 24
RSP: 002b:00007fff9a4c6378 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000001
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000009 RCX: 00007f363e16ab50
RDX: 0000000000000009 RSI: 000055c1cacc8e10 RDI: 0000000000000001
RBP: 000055c1cacc8e10 R08: 00007f363e435740 R09: 00007f363ea64700
R10: 0000000000000073 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000009
R13: 0000000000000001 R14: 00007f363e4345e0 R15: 00007f363e4303c0
Modules linked in: ip6table_filter ip6_tables snd_hda_codec_hdmi snd_hda_codec_realtek snd_hda_codec_generic snd_hda_intel snd_hda_codec snd_hwdep snd_hda_core snd_seq snd_seq_device i915 snd_pcm snd_timer i2c_i801 snd soundcore i2c_algo_bit drm_kms_helper
86_pkg_temp_thermal video kvm_intel kvm irqbypass wmi e1000e
---[ end trace d301afa879ddfa25 ]---
The cause is because the register_snapshot_trigger() call failed to
allocate the snapshot buffer, and then called unregister_trigger()
which freed the data that was passed to it. Then on return to the
function that called register_snapshot_trigger(), as it sees it
failed to register, it frees the trigger_data again and causes
a double free.
By calling event_trigger_init() on the trigger_data (which only ups
the reference counter for it), and then event_trigger_free() afterward,
the trigger_data would not get freed by the registering trigger function
as it would only up and lower the ref count for it. If the register
trigger function fails, then the event_trigger_free() called after it
will free the trigger data normally.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180724191331.738eb819@gandalf.local.home
Cc: stable@vger.kerne.org
Fixes: 93e31ffbf417 ("tracing: Add 'snapshot' event trigger command")
Reported-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Trace event triggers can be called before or after the event has been
committed. If it has been called after the commit, there's a possibility
that the event no longer exists. Currently, the two post callers is the
trigger to disable tracing (traceoff) and the one that will record a stack
dump (stacktrace). Neither of them reference the trace event entry record,
as that would lead to a race condition that could pass in corrupted data.
To prevent any other users of the post data triggers from using the trace
event record, pass in NULL to the post call trigger functions for the event
record, as they should never need to use them in the first place.
This does not fix any bug, but prevents bugs from happening by new post call
trigger users.
Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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The snapshot trigger currently only affects the main ring buffer, even when
it is used by the instances. This can be confusing as the snapshot trigger
is listed in the instance.
> # cd /sys/kernel/tracing
> # mkdir instances/foo
> # echo snapshot > instances/foo/events/syscalls/sys_enter_fchownat/trigger
> # echo top buffer > trace_marker
> # echo foo buffer > instances/foo/trace_marker
> # touch /tmp/bar
> # chown rostedt /tmp/bar
> # cat instances/foo/snapshot
# tracer: nop
#
#
# * Snapshot is freed *
#
# Snapshot commands:
# echo 0 > snapshot : Clears and frees snapshot buffer
# echo 1 > snapshot : Allocates snapshot buffer, if not already allocated.
# Takes a snapshot of the main buffer.
# echo 2 > snapshot : Clears snapshot buffer (but does not allocate or free)
# (Doesn't have to be '2' works with any number that
# is not a '0' or '1')
> # cat snapshot
# tracer: nop
#
# _-----=> irqs-off
# / _----=> need-resched
# | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
# || / _--=> preempt-depth
# ||| / delay
# TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
# | | | |||| | |
bash-1189 [000] .... 111.488323: tracing_mark_write: top buffer
Not only did the snapshot occur in the top level buffer, but the instance
snapshot buffer should have been allocated, and it is still free.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 85f2b08268c01 ("tracing: Add basic event trigger framework")
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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If a instance has an event trigger enabled when it is freed, it could cause
an access of free memory. Here's the case that crashes:
# cd /sys/kernel/tracing
# mkdir instances/foo
# echo snapshot > instances/foo/events/initcall/initcall_start/trigger
# rmdir instances/foo
Would produce:
general protection fault: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI
Modules linked in: tun bridge ...
CPU: 5 PID: 6203 Comm: rmdir Tainted: G W 4.17.0-rc4-test+ #933
Hardware name: Hewlett-Packard HP Compaq Pro 6300 SFF/339A, BIOS K01 v03.03 07/14/2016
RIP: 0010:clear_event_triggers+0x3b/0x70
RSP: 0018:ffffc90003783de0 EFLAGS: 00010286
RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 6b6b6b6b6b6b6b2b RCX: 0000000000000000
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffff8800c7130ba0
RBP: ffffc90003783e00 R08: ffff8801131993f8 R09: 0000000100230016
R10: ffffc90003783d80 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff8800c7130ba0
R13: ffff8800c7130bd8 R14: ffff8800cc093768 R15: 00000000ffffff9c
FS: 00007f6f4aa86700(0000) GS:ffff88011eb40000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 00007f6f4a5aed60 CR3: 00000000cd552001 CR4: 00000000001606e0
Call Trace:
event_trace_del_tracer+0x2a/0xc5
instance_rmdir+0x15c/0x200
tracefs_syscall_rmdir+0x52/0x90
vfs_rmdir+0xdb/0x160
do_rmdir+0x16d/0x1c0
__x64_sys_rmdir+0x17/0x20
do_syscall_64+0x55/0x1a0
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe
This was due to the call the clears out the triggers when an instance is
being deleted not removing the trigger from the link list.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 85f2b08268c01 ("tracing: Add basic event trigger framework")
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Add the necessary infrastructure to allow the variables defined on one
event to be referenced in another. This allows variables set by a
previous event to be referenced and used in expressions combining the
variable values saved by that previous event and the event fields of
the current event. For example, here's how a latency can be
calculated and saved into yet another variable named 'wakeup_lat':
# echo 'hist:keys=pid,prio:ts0=common_timestamp ...
# echo 'hist:keys=next_pid:wakeup_lat=common_timestamp-$ts0 ...
In the first event, the event's timetamp is saved into the variable
ts0. In the next line, ts0 is subtracted from the second event's
timestamp to produce the latency.
Further users of variable references will be described in subsequent
patches, such as for instance how the 'wakeup_lat' variable above can
be displayed in a latency histogram.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/b1d3e6975374e34d501ff417c20189c3f9b2c7b8.1516069914.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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The ring_buffer event can provide a timestamp that may be useful to
various triggers - pass it into the handlers for that purpose.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/6de592683b59fa70ffa5d43d0109896623fc1367.1516069914.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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With the addition of ORC unwinder and FRAME POINTER unwinder, the stack
trace skipping requirements have changed.
I went through the tracing stack trace dumps with ORC and with frame
pointers and recalculated the proper values.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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<linux/rculist.h> in <linux/sched.h>
We don't actually need the full rculist.h header in sched.h anymore,
we will be able to include the smaller rcupdate.h header instead.
But first update code that relied on the implicit header inclusion.
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
|
|
Call traceoff trigger after the event is recorded.
Since current traceoff trigger is called before recording
the event, we can not know what event stopped tracing.
Typical usecase of traceoff/traceon trigger is tracing
function calls and trace events between a pair of events.
For example, trace function calls between syscall entry/exit.
In that case, it is useful if we can see the return code
of the target syscall.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/147335074530.12462.4526186083406015005.stgit@devbox
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Named triggers are sets of triggers that share a common set of trigger
data. An example of functionality that could benefit from this type
of capability would be a set of inlined probes that would each
contribute event counts, for example, to a shared counter data
structure.
The first named trigger registered with a given name owns the common
trigger data that the others subsequently registered with the same
name will reference. The functions defined here allow users to add,
delete, and find named triggers.
It also adds functions to pause and unpause named triggers; since
named triggers act upon common data, they should also be paused and
unpaused as a group.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/c09ff648360f65b10a3e321eddafe18060b4a04f.1457029949.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Similar to enable_event/disable_event triggers, these triggers enable
and disable the aggregation of events into maps rather than enabling
and disabling their writing into the trace buffer.
They can be used to automatically start and stop hist triggers based
on a matching filter condition.
If there's a paused hist trigger on system:event, the following would
start it when the filter condition was hit:
# echo enable_hist:system:event [ if filter] > event/trigger
And the following would disable a running system:event hist trigger:
# echo disable_hist:system:event [ if filter] > event/trigger
See Documentation/trace/events.txt for real examples.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/f812f086e52c8b7c8ad5443487375e03c96a601f.1457029949.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
'hist' triggers allow users to continually aggregate trace events,
which can then be viewed afterwards by simply reading a 'hist' file
containing the aggregation in a human-readable format.
The basic idea is very simple and boils down to a mechanism whereby
trace events, rather than being exhaustively dumped in raw form and
viewed directly, are automatically 'compressed' into meaningful tables
completely defined by the user.
This is done strictly via single-line command-line commands and
without the aid of any kind of programming language or interpreter.
A surprising number of typical use cases can be accomplished by users
via this simple mechanism. In fact, a large number of the tasks that
users typically do using the more complicated script-based tracing
tools, at least during the initial stages of an investigation, can be
accomplished by simply specifying a set of keys and values to be used
in the creation of a hash table.
The Linux kernel trace event subsystem happens to provide an extensive
list of keys and values ready-made for such a purpose in the form of
the event format files associated with each trace event. By simply
consulting the format file for field names of interest and by plugging
them into the hist trigger command, users can create an endless number
of useful aggregations to help with investigating various properties
of the system. See Documentation/trace/events.txt for examples.
hist triggers are implemented on top of the existing event trigger
infrastructure, and as such are consistent with the existing triggers
from a user's perspective as well.
The basic syntax follows the existing trigger syntax. Users start an
aggregation by writing a 'hist' trigger to the event of interest's
trigger file:
# echo hist:keys=xxx [ if filter] > event/trigger
Once a hist trigger has been set up, by default it continually
aggregates every matching event into a hash table using the event key
and a value field named 'hitcount'.
To view the aggregation at any point in time, simply read the 'hist'
file in the same directory as the 'trigger' file:
# cat event/hist
The detailed syntax provides additional options for user control, and
is described exhaustively in Documentation/trace/events.txt and in the
virtual tracing/README file in the tracing subsystem.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/72d263b5e1853fe9c314953b65833c3aa75479f2.1457029949.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
gcc isn't known for handling bool in structures. Instead of using bool, use
an integer mask and use bit flags instead.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Add a new unreg_all() callback that can be used to remove all
command-specific triggers from an event and arrange to have it called
whenever a trigger file is opened with O_TRUNC set.
Commands that don't want truncate semantics, or existing commands that
don't implement this function simply do nothing and their triggers
remain intact.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/2b7d62854d01f28c19185e1bbb8f826f385edfba.1449767187.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Add a new needs_rec flag for triggers that require unconditional
access to trace records in order to function.
Normally a trigger requires access to the contents of a trace record
only if it has a filter associated with it (since filters need the
contents of a record in order to make a filtering decision). Some
types of triggers, such as 'hist' triggers, require access to trace
record contents independent of the presence of filters, so add a new
flag for those triggers.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/7be8fa38f9b90fdb6c47ca0f98d20a07b9fd512b.1449767187.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Add a simple per-trigger 'paused' flag, allowing individual triggers
to pause. We could leave it to individual triggers that need this
functionality to do it themselves, but we also want to allow other
events to control pausing, so add it to the trigger data.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/fed37e4879684d7dcc57fe00ce0cbf170032b06d.1449767187.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Some triggers may need access to the trace event, so pass it in. Also
fix up the existing trigger funcs and their callers.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/543e31e9fc445ef61077421ab219033401c39846.1449767187.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Make various event trigger utility functions available outside of
trace_events_trigger.c so that new triggers can be defined outside of
that file.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/4a40c1695dd43cac6cd475d72e13ffe30ba84bff.1449767187.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace
Pull tracing updates from Steven Rostedt:
"Not much new with tracing for this release. Mostly just clean ups and
minor fixes.
Here's what else is new:
- A new TRACE_EVENT_FN_COND macro, combining both _FN and _COND for
those that want both.
- New selftest to test the instance create and delete
- Better debug output when ftrace fails"
* tag 'trace-v4.5' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace: (24 commits)
ftrace: Fix the race between ftrace and insmod
ftrace: Add infrastructure for delayed enabling of module functions
x86: ftrace: Fix the comments for ftrace_modify_code_direct()
tracing: Fix comment to use tracing_on over tracing_enable
metag: ftrace: Fix the comments for ftrace_modify_code
sh: ftrace: Fix the comments for ftrace_modify_code()
ia64: ftrace: Fix the comments for ftrace_modify_code()
ftrace: Clean up ftrace_module_init() code
ftrace: Join functions ftrace_module_init() and ftrace_init_module()
tracing: Introduce TRACE_EVENT_FN_COND macro
tracing: Use seq_buf_used() in seq_buf_to_user() instead of len
bpf: Constify bpf_verifier_ops structure
ftrace: Have ftrace_ops_get_func() handle RCU and PER_CPU flags too
ftrace: Remove use of control list and ops
ftrace: Fix output of enabled_functions for showing tramp
ftrace: Fix a typo in comment
ftrace: Show all tramps registered to a record on ftrace_bug()
ftrace: Add variable ftrace_expected for archs to show expected code
ftrace: Add new type to distinguish what kind of ftrace_bug()
tracing: Update cond flag when enabling or disabling a trigger
...
|
|
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
|
|
When a trigger is enabled, the cond flag should be set beforehand,
otherwise a trigger that's expecting to process a trace record
(e.g. one with post_trigger set) could be invoked without one.
Likewise a trigger's cond flag should be reset after it's disabled,
not before.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/a420b52a67b1c2d3cab017914362d153255acb99.1448303214.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Wagner <daniel.wagner@bmw-carit.de>
Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Tested-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
The name "ftrace" really refers to the function hook infrastructure. It
is not about the trace_events. The ftrace_raw_##call structures are built
by macros for trace events. They have nothing to do with function tracing.
Rename them.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
The name "ftrace" really refers to the function hook infrastructure. It
is not about the trace_events. The FTRACE_EVENT_FL_* flags are flags to
do with the trace_event files in the tracefs directory. They are not related
to function tracing. Rename them to a more descriptive name.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
The name "ftrace" really refers to the function hook infrastructure. It
is not about the trace_events. ftrace_event_name() returns the name of
an event tracepoint, has nothing to do with function tracing. Rename it
to trace_event_name().
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
The name "ftrace" really refers to the function hook infrastructure. It
is not about the trace_events. The structure ftrace_event_file is really
about trace events and not "ftrace". Rename it to trace_event_file.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Printing a single character to a seqfile might as well be done with
seq_putc instead of seq_puts; this avoids a strlen() call and a memory
access. It also shaves another few bytes off the generated code.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1415479332-25944-4-git-send-email-linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Using seq_printf to print a simple string or a single character is a
lot more expensive than it needs to be, since seq_puts and seq_putc
exist.
These patches do
seq_printf(m, s) -> seq_puts(m, s)
seq_printf(m, "%s", s) -> seq_puts(m, s)
seq_printf(m, "%c", c) -> seq_putc(m, c)
Subsequent patches will simplify further.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1415479332-25944-2-git-send-email-linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
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As trace event triggers are now part of the mainline kernel, I added
my trace event trigger tests to my test suite I run on all my kernels.
Now these tests get run under different config options, and one of
those options is CONFIG_PROVE_RCU, which checks under lockdep that
the rcu locking primitives are being used correctly. This triggered
the following splat:
===============================
[ INFO: suspicious RCU usage. ]
3.15.0-rc2-test+ #11 Not tainted
-------------------------------
kernel/trace/trace_events_trigger.c:80 suspicious rcu_dereference_check() usage!
other info that might help us debug this:
rcu_scheduler_active = 1, debug_locks = 0
4 locks held by swapper/1/0:
#0: ((&(&j_cdbs->work)->timer)){..-...}, at: [<ffffffff8104d2cc>] call_timer_fn+0x5/0x1be
#1: (&(&pool->lock)->rlock){-.-...}, at: [<ffffffff81059856>] __queue_work+0x140/0x283
#2: (&p->pi_lock){-.-.-.}, at: [<ffffffff8106e961>] try_to_wake_up+0x2e/0x1e8
#3: (&rq->lock){-.-.-.}, at: [<ffffffff8106ead3>] try_to_wake_up+0x1a0/0x1e8
stack backtrace:
CPU: 1 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/1 Not tainted 3.15.0-rc2-test+ #11
Hardware name: /DG965MQ, BIOS MQ96510J.86A.0372.2006.0605.1717 06/05/2006
0000000000000001 ffff88007e083b98 ffffffff819f53a5 0000000000000006
ffff88007b0942c0 ffff88007e083bc8 ffffffff81081307 ffff88007ad96d20
0000000000000000 ffff88007af2d840 ffff88007b2e701c ffff88007e083c18
Call Trace:
<IRQ> [<ffffffff819f53a5>] dump_stack+0x4f/0x7c
[<ffffffff81081307>] lockdep_rcu_suspicious+0x107/0x110
[<ffffffff810ee51c>] event_triggers_call+0x99/0x108
[<ffffffff810e8174>] ftrace_event_buffer_commit+0x42/0xa4
[<ffffffff8106aadc>] ftrace_raw_event_sched_wakeup_template+0x71/0x7c
[<ffffffff8106bcbf>] ttwu_do_wakeup+0x7f/0xff
[<ffffffff8106bd9b>] ttwu_do_activate.constprop.126+0x5c/0x61
[<ffffffff8106eadf>] try_to_wake_up+0x1ac/0x1e8
[<ffffffff8106eb77>] wake_up_process+0x36/0x3b
[<ffffffff810575cc>] wake_up_worker+0x24/0x26
[<ffffffff810578bc>] insert_work+0x5c/0x65
[<ffffffff81059982>] __queue_work+0x26c/0x283
[<ffffffff81059999>] ? __queue_work+0x283/0x283
[<ffffffff810599b7>] delayed_work_timer_fn+0x1e/0x20
[<ffffffff8104d3a6>] call_timer_fn+0xdf/0x1be^M
[<ffffffff8104d2cc>] ? call_timer_fn+0x5/0x1be
[<ffffffff81059999>] ? __queue_work+0x283/0x283
[<ffffffff8104d823>] run_timer_softirq+0x1a4/0x22f^M
[<ffffffff8104696d>] __do_softirq+0x17b/0x31b^M
[<ffffffff81046d03>] irq_exit+0x42/0x97
[<ffffffff81a08db6>] smp_apic_timer_interrupt+0x37/0x44
[<ffffffff81a07a2f>] apic_timer_interrupt+0x6f/0x80
<EOI> [<ffffffff8100a5d8>] ? default_idle+0x21/0x32
[<ffffffff8100a5d6>] ? default_idle+0x1f/0x32
[<ffffffff8100ac10>] arch_cpu_idle+0xf/0x11
[<ffffffff8107b3a4>] cpu_startup_entry+0x1a3/0x213
[<ffffffff8102a23c>] start_secondary+0x212/0x219
The cause is that the triggers are protected by rcu_read_lock_sched() but
the data is dereferenced with rcu_dereference() which expects it to
be protected with rcu_read_lock(). The proper reference should be
rcu_dereference_sched().
Cc: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 3.14+
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Register/unregister tracepoint probes with struct tracepoint pointer
rather than tracepoint name.
This change, which vastly simplifies tracepoint.c, has been proposed by
Steven Rostedt. It also removes 8.8kB (mostly of text) to the vmlinux
size.
From this point on, the tracers need to pass a struct tracepoint pointer
to probe register/unregister. A probe can now only be connected to a
tracepoint that exists. Moreover, tracers are responsible for
unregistering the probe before the module containing its associated
tracepoint is unloaded.
text data bss dec hex filename
10443444 4282528 10391552 25117524 17f4354 vmlinux.orig
10434930 4282848 10391552 25109330 17f2352 vmlinux
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1396992381-23785-2-git-send-email-mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com
CC: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
CC: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
CC: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
CC: Frank Ch. Eigler <fche@redhat.com>
CC: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
[ SDR - fixed return val in void func in tracepoint_module_going() ]
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Currently there's no way to know what triggers exist on a kernel without
looking at the source of the kernel or randomly trying out triggers.
Instead of creating another file in the debugfs system, simply show
what available triggers are there when cat'ing the trigger file when
it has no events:
[root /sys/kernel/debug/tracing]# cat events/sched/sched_switch/trigger
# Available triggers:
# traceon traceoff snapshot stacktrace enable_event disable_event
This stays consistent with other debugfs files where meta data like
this is always proceeded with a '#' at the start of the line so that
tools can strip these out.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140107103548.0a84536d@gandalf.local.home
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
The counters for the traceon and traceoff are only suppose to decrement
when the trigger enables or disables tracing. It is not suppose to decrement
every time the event is hit.
Only decrement the counter if the trigger actually did something.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140106223124.0e5fd0b4@gandalf.local.home
Acked-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
The filter field of the event_trigger_data structure is protected under
RCU sched locks. It was not annotated as such, and after doing so,
sparse pointed out several locations that required fix ups.
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Tested-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Trace event triggers added a lseek that uses the ftrace_filter_lseek()
function. Unfortunately, when function tracing is not configured in
that function is not defined and the kernel fails to build.
This is the second time that function was added to a file ops and
it broke the build due to requiring special config dependencies.
Make a generic tracing_lseek() that all the tracing utilities may
use.
Also, modify the old ftrace_filter_lseek() to return 0 instead of
1 on WRONLY. Not sure why it was a 1 as that does not make sense.
This also changes the old tracing_seek() to modify the file pos
pointer on WRONLY as well.
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Tested-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Add a generic event_command.set_trigger_filter() op implementation and
have the current set of trigger commands use it - this essentially
gives them all support for filters.
Syntactically, filters are supported by adding 'if <filter>' just
after the command, in which case only events matching the filter will
invoke the trigger. For example, to add a filter to an
enable/disable_event command:
echo 'enable_event:system:event if common_pid == 999' > \
.../othersys/otherevent/trigger
The above command will only enable the system:event event if the
common_pid field in the othersys:otherevent event is 999.
As another example, to add a filter to a stacktrace command:
echo 'stacktrace if common_pid == 999' > \
.../somesys/someevent/trigger
The above command will only trigger a stacktrace if the common_pid
field in the event is 999.
The filter syntax is the same as that described in the 'Event
filtering' section of Documentation/trace/events.txt.
Because triggers can now use filters, the trigger-invoking logic needs
to be moved in those cases - e.g. for ftrace_raw_event_calls, if a
trigger has a filter associated with it, the trigger invocation now
needs to happen after the { assign; } part of the call, in order for
the trigger condition to be tested.
There's still a SOFT_DISABLED-only check at the top of e.g. the
ftrace_raw_events function, so when an event is soft disabled but not
because of the presence of a trigger, the original SOFT_DISABLED
behavior remains unchanged.
There's also a bit of trickiness in that some triggers need to avoid
being invoked while an event is currently in the process of being
logged, since the trigger may itself log data into the trace buffer.
Thus we make sure the current event is committed before invoking those
triggers. To do that, we split the trigger invocation in two - the
first part (event_triggers_call()) checks the filter using the current
trace record; if a command has the post_trigger flag set, it sets a
bit for itself in the return value, otherwise it directly invoks the
trigger. Once all commands have been either invoked or set their
return flag, event_triggers_call() returns. The current record is
then either committed or discarded; if any commands have deferred
their triggers, those commands are finally invoked following the close
of the current event by event_triggers_post_call().
To simplify the above and make it more efficient, the TRIGGER_COND bit
is introduced, which is set only if a soft-disabled trigger needs to
use the log record for filter testing or needs to wait until the
current log record is closed.
The syscall event invocation code is also changed in analogous ways.
Because event triggers need to be able to create and free filters,
this also adds a couple external wrappers for the existing
create_filter and free_filter functions, which are too generic to be
made extern functions themselves.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/7164930759d8719ef460357f143d995406e4eead.1382622043.git.tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Tom Zanussi <tom.zanussi@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
