summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/kernel/kmod.c
AgeCommit message (Collapse)AuthorFilesLines
2017-07-14kmod: throttle kmod thread limitLuis R. Rodriguez1-9/+7
If we reach the limit of modprobe_limit threads running the next request_module() call will fail. The original reason for adding a kill was to do away with possible issues with in old circumstances which would create a recursive series of request_module() calls. We can do better than just be super aggressive and reject calls once we've reached the limit by simply making pending callers wait until the threshold has been reduced, and then throttling them in, one by one. This throttling enables requests over the kmod concurrent limit to be processed once a pending request completes. Only the first item queued up to wait is woken up. The assumption here is once a task is woken it will have no other option to also kick the queue to check if there are more pending tasks -- regardless of whether or not it was successful. By throttling and processing only max kmod concurrent tasks we ensure we avoid unexpected fatal request_module() calls, and we keep memory consumption on module loading to a minimum. With x86_64 qemu, with 4 cores, 4 GiB of RAM it takes the following run time to run both tests: time ./kmod.sh -t 0008 real 0m16.366s user 0m0.883s sys 0m8.916s time ./kmod.sh -t 0009 real 0m50.803s user 0m0.791s sys 0m9.852s Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170628223155.26472-4-mcgrof@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com> Cc: Jessica Yu <jeyu@redhat.com> Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.com> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-06-27kmod: reduce atomic operations on kmod_concurrent and simplifyLuis R. Rodriguez1-22/+18
When checking if we want to allow a kmod thread to kick off we increment, then read to see if we should enable a thread. If we were over the allowed limit limit we decrement. Splitting the increment far apart from decrement means there could be a time where two increments happen potentially giving a false failure on a thread which should have been allowed. CPU1 CPU2 atomic_inc() atomic_inc() atomic_read() atomic_read() atomic_dec() atomic_dec() In this case a read on CPU1 gets the atomic_inc()'s and we could negate it from getting a kmod thread. We could try to prevent this with a lock or preemption but that is overkill. We can fix by reducing the number of atomic operations. We do this by inverting the logic of of the enabler, instead of incrementing kmod_concurrent as we get new kmod users, define the variable kmod_concurrent_max as the max number of currently allowed kmod users and as we get new kmod users just decrement it if its still positive. This combines the dec and read in one atomic operation. In this case we no longer get the same false failure: CPU1 CPU2 atomic_dec_if_positive() atomic_dec_if_positive() atomic_inc() atomic_inc() The number of threads is computed at init, and since the current computation of kmod_concurrent includes the thread count we can avoid setting kmod_concurrent_max later in boot through an init call by simply sticking to 50 as the kmod_concurrent_max. The assumption here is a system with modules must at least have ~16 MiB of RAM. Suggested-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com> Suggested-by: Dmitry Torokhov <dmitry.torokhov@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com> Signed-off-by: Jessica Yu <jeyu@kernel.org>
2017-03-02sched/headers, vfs/execve: Prepare to move the do_execve*() prototypes from ↵Ingo Molnar1-0/+1
<linux/sched.h> to <linux/binfmts.h> But first update the usage sites with the new header dependency. Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2017-03-02sched/headers: Prepare for new header dependencies before moving code to ↵Ingo Molnar1-0/+1
<linux/sched/task.h> We are going to split <linux/sched/task.h> out of <linux/sched.h>, which will have to be picked up from other headers and a couple of .c files. Create a trivial placeholder <linux/sched/task.h> file that just maps to <linux/sched.h> to make this patch obviously correct and bisectable. Include the new header in the files that are going to need it. Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2017-01-19Introduce STATIC_USERMODEHELPER to mediate call_usermodehelper()Greg Kroah-Hartman1-0/+14
Some usermode helper applications are defined at kernel build time, while others can be changed at runtime. To provide a sane way to filter these, add a new kernel option "STATIC_USERMODEHELPER". This option routes all call_usermodehelper() calls through this binary, no matter what the caller wishes to have called. The new binary (by default set to /sbin/usermode-helper, but can be changed through the STATIC_USERMODEHELPER_PATH option) can properly filter the requested programs to be run by the kernel by looking at the first argument that is passed to it. All other options should then be passed onto the proper program if so desired. To disable all call_usermodehelper() calls by the kernel, set STATIC_USERMODEHELPER_PATH to an empty string. Thanks to Neil Brown for the idea of this feature. Cc: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.com> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-01-19kmod: make usermodehelper path a const stringGreg Kroah-Hartman1-2/+2
This is in preparation for making it so that usermode helper programs can't be changed, if desired, by userspace. We will tackle the mess of cleaning up the write-ability of argv and env later, that's going to take more work, for much less gain... Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2016-12-24Replace <asm/uaccess.h> with <linux/uaccess.h> globallyLinus Torvalds1-1/+1
This was entirely automated, using the script by Al: PATT='^[[:blank:]]*#[[:blank:]]*include[[:blank:]]*<asm/uaccess.h>' sed -i -e "s!$PATT!#include <linux/uaccess.h>!" \ $(git grep -l "$PATT"|grep -v ^include/linux/uaccess.h) to do the replacement at the end of the merge window. Requested-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-10-23kmod: don't run async usermode helper as a child of kworker threadOleg Nesterov1-2/+6
call_usermodehelper_exec_sync() does fork() + wait() with "unignored" SIGCHLD. What we have missed is that this worker thread can have other children previously forked by call_usermodehelper_exec_work() without UMH_WAIT_PROC. If such a child exits in between it becomes a zombie because auto-reaping only works if SIGCHLD is ignored, and nobody can reap it (unless/until this worker thread exits too). Change the !UMH_WAIT_PROC case to use CLONE_PARENT. Note: this is only first step. All PF_KTHREAD tasks, even created by kernel_thread() should have ->parent == kthreadd by default. Fixes: bb304a5c6fc63d8506c ("kmod: handle UMH_WAIT_PROC from system unbound workqueue") Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Acked-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-09-10kmod: handle UMH_WAIT_PROC from system unbound workqueueFrederic Weisbecker1-24/+20
The UMH_WAIT_PROC handler runs in its own thread in order to make sure that waiting for the exec kernel thread completion won't block other usermodehelper queued jobs. On older workqueue implementations, worklets couldn't sleep without blocking the rest of the queue. But now the workqueue subsystem handles that. Khelper still had the older limitation due to its singlethread properties but we replaced it to system unbound workqueues. Those are affine to the current node and can block up to some number of instances. They are a good candidate to handle UMH_WAIT_PROC assuming that we have enough system unbound workers to handle lots of parallel usermodehelper jobs. Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-09-10kmod: use system_unbound_wq instead of khelperFrederic Weisbecker1-23/+17
We need to launch the usermodehelper kernel threads with the widest affinity and this is partly why we use khelper. This workqueue has unbound properties and thus a wide affinity inherited by all its children. Now khelper also has special properties that we aren't much interested in: ordered and singlethread. There is really no need about ordering as all we do is creating kernel threads. This can be done concurrently. And singlethread is a useless limitation as well. The workqueue engine already proposes generic unbound workqueues that don't share these useless properties and handle well parallel jobs. The only worrysome specific is their affinity to the node of the current CPU. It's fine for creating the usermodehelper kernel threads but those inherit this affinity for longer jobs such as requesting modules. This patch proposes to use these node affine unbound workqueues assuming that a node is sufficient to handle several parallel usermodehelper requests. Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-09-10kmod: add up-to-date explanations on the purpose of each asynchronous levelsFrederic Weisbecker1-8/+24
There seem to be quite some confusions on the comments, likely due to changes that came after them. Now since it's very non obvious why we have 3 levels of asynchronous code to implement usermodehelpers, it's important to comment in detail the reason of this layout. Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-09-10kmod: remove unecessary explicit wide CPU affinity settingFrederic Weisbecker1-3/+0
Khelper is affine to all CPUs. Now since it creates the call_usermodehelper_exec_[a]sync() kernel threads, those inherit the wide affinity. As such explicitly forcing a wide affinity from those kernel threads is like a no-op. Just remove it. It's needless and it breaks CPU isolation users who rely on workqueue affinity tuning. Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-09-10kmod: bunch of internal functions renamesFrederic Weisbecker1-13/+17
This patchset does a bunch of cleanups and converts khelper to use system unbound workqueues. The 3 first patches should be uncontroversial. The last 2 patches are debatable. Kmod creates kernel threads that perform userspace jobs and we want those to have a large affinity in order not to contend busy CPUs. This is (partly) why we use khelper which has a wide affinity that the kernel threads it create can inherit from. Now khelper is a dedicated workqueue that has singlethread properties which we aren't interested in. Hence those two debatable changes: _ We would like to use generic workqueues. System unbound workqueues are a very good candidate but they are not wide affine, only node affine. Now probably a node is enough to perform many parallel kmod jobs. _ We would like to remove the wait_for_helper kernel thread (UMH_WAIT_PROC handler) to use the workqueue. It means that if the workqueue blocks, and no other worker can take pending kmod request, we can be screwed. Now if we have 512 threads, this should be enough. This patch (of 5): Underscores on function names aren't much verbose to explain the purpose of a function. And kmod has interesting such flavours. Lets rename the following functions: * __call_usermodehelper -> call_usermodehelper_exec_work * ____call_usermodehelper -> call_usermodehelper_exec_async * wait_for_helper -> call_usermodehelper_exec_sync Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-09-10kmod: correct documentation of return status of request_moduleNeilBrown1-4/+5
If request_module() successfully runs modprobe, but modprobe exits with a non-zero status, then the return value from request_module() will be that (positive) error status. So the return from request_module can be: negative errno zero for success positive exit code. Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.com> Cc: Goldwyn Rodrigues <rgoldwyn@suse.de> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-12-10usermodehelper: kill the kmod_thread_locker logicOleg Nesterov1-30/+3
Now that we do not call kernel_thread(CLONE_VFORK) from the worker thread we can not deadlock if do_execve() in turn triggers another call_usermodehelper(), we can remove the kmod_thread_locker code. Note: we should probably kill khelper_wq and simply use one of the global workqueues, say, system_unbound_wq, this special wq for umh buys nothing nowadays. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-12-10usermodehelper: don't use CLONE_VFORK for ____call_usermodehelper()Oleg Nesterov1-9/+3
After "kernel/kmod: fix use-after-free of the sub_infostructure" CLONE_VFORK in __call_usermodehelper() buys nothing, we rely on on umh_complete() in ____call_usermodehelper() anyway. Remove it. This also eliminates the unnecessary sleep/wakeup in the likely case, and this allows the next change. While at it, kill the "int wait" locals in ____call_usermodehelper() and __call_usermodehelper(), they can safely use sub_info->wait. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-10-29kernel/kmod: fix use-after-free of the sub_info structureMartin Schwidefsky1-39/+37
Found this in the message log on a s390 system: BUG kmalloc-192 (Not tainted): Poison overwritten Disabling lock debugging due to kernel taint INFO: 0x00000000684761f4-0x00000000684761f7. First byte 0xff instead of 0x6b INFO: Allocated in call_usermodehelper_setup+0x70/0x128 age=71 cpu=2 pid=648 __slab_alloc.isra.47.constprop.56+0x5f6/0x658 kmem_cache_alloc_trace+0x106/0x408 call_usermodehelper_setup+0x70/0x128 call_usermodehelper+0x62/0x90 cgroup_release_agent+0x178/0x1c0 process_one_work+0x36e/0x680 worker_thread+0x2f0/0x4f8 kthread+0x10a/0x120 kernel_thread_starter+0x6/0xc kernel_thread_starter+0x0/0xc INFO: Freed in call_usermodehelper_exec+0x110/0x1b8 age=71 cpu=2 pid=648 __slab_free+0x94/0x560 kfree+0x364/0x3e0 call_usermodehelper_exec+0x110/0x1b8 cgroup_release_agent+0x178/0x1c0 process_one_work+0x36e/0x680 worker_thread+0x2f0/0x4f8 kthread+0x10a/0x120 kernel_thread_starter+0x6/0xc kernel_thread_starter+0x0/0xc There is a use-after-free bug on the subprocess_info structure allocated by the user mode helper. In case do_execve() returns with an error ____call_usermodehelper() stores the error code to sub_info->retval, but sub_info can already have been freed. Regarding UMH_NO_WAIT, the sub_info structure can be freed by __call_usermodehelper() before the worker thread returns from do_execve(), allowing memory corruption when do_execve() failed after exec_mmap() is called. Regarding UMH_WAIT_EXEC, the call to umh_complete() allows call_usermodehelper_exec() to continue which then frees sub_info. To fix this race the code needs to make sure that the call to call_usermodehelper_freeinfo() is always done after the last store to sub_info->retval. Signed-off-by: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-06-06signals: change wait_for_helper() to use kernel_sigaction()Oleg Nesterov1-4/+1
Now that we have kernel_sigaction() we can change wait_for_helper() to use it and cleans up the code a bit. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk> Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com> Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-04-18arch: Mass conversion of smp_mb__*()Peter Zijlstra1-1/+1
Mostly scripted conversion of the smp_mb__* barriers. Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-55dhyhocezdw1dg7u19hmh1u@git.kernel.org Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: linux-arch@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2014-02-05execve: use 'struct filename *' for executable name passingLinus Torvalds1-1/+1
This changes 'do_execve()' to get the executable name as a 'struct filename', and to free it when it is done. This is what the normal users want, and it simplifies and streamlines their error handling. The controlled lifetime of the executable name also fixes a use-after-free problem with the trace_sched_process_exec tracepoint: the lifetime of the passed-in string for kernel users was not at all obvious, and the user-mode helper code used UMH_WAIT_EXEC to serialize the pathname allocation lifetime with the execve() having finished, which in turn meant that the trace point that happened after mm_release() of the old process VM ended up using already free'd memory. To solve the kernel string lifetime issue, this simply introduces "getname_kernel()" that works like the normal user-space getname() function, except with the source coming from kernel memory. As Oleg points out, this also means that we could drop the tcomm[] array from 'struct linux_binprm', since the pathname lifetime now covers setup_new_exec(). That would be a separate cleanup. Reported-by: Igor Zhbanov <i.zhbanov@samsung.com> Tested-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-09-30kernel/kmod.c: check for NULL in call_usermodehelper_exec()Tetsuo Handa1-0/+4
If /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern contains only "|", a NULL pointer dereference happens upon core dump because argv_split("") returns argv[0] == NULL. This bug was once fixed by commit 264b83c07a84 ("usermodehelper: check subprocess_info->path != NULL") but was by error reintroduced by commit 7f57cfa4e2aa ("usermodehelper: kill the sub_info->path[0] check"). This bug seems to exist since 2.6.19 (the version which core dump to pipe was added). Depending on kernel version and config, some side effect might happen immediately after this oops (e.g. kernel panic with 2.6.32-358.18.1.el6). Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-07-03usermodehelper: kill the sub_info->path[0] checkOleg Nesterov1-8/+3
call_usermodehelper_exec() does nothing but returns success if path[0] == 0. The only user which needs this strange feature is request_module(), it can check modprobe_path[0] itself like other users do if they want to detect the "disabled by admin" case. Kill it. Not only it looks strange, it can confuse other callers. And this allows us to revert 264b83c0 ("usermodehelper: check subprocess_info->path != NULL"), do_execve(NULL) is safe. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-05-16usermodehelper: check subprocess_info->path != NULLOleg Nesterov1-0/+5
argv_split(empty_or_all_spaces) happily succeeds, it simply returns argc == 0 and argv[0] == NULL. Change call_usermodehelper_exec() to check sub_info->path != NULL to avoid the crash. This is the minimal fix, todo: - perhaps we should change argv_split() to return NULL or change the callers. - kill or justify ->path[0] check - narrow the scope of helper_lock() Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Acked-By: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@intel.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-04-30kmod: remove call_usermodehelper_fns()Lucas De Marchi1-14/+17
This function suffers from not being able to determine if the cleanup is called in case it returns -ENOMEM. Nobody is using it anymore, so let's remove it. Signed-off-by: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@profusion.mobi> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-04-30kmod: split call to call_usermodehelper_fns()Lucas De Marchi1-2/+10
Use call_usermodehelper_setup() + call_usermodehelper_exec() instead of calling call_usermodehelper_fns(). In case the latter returns -ENOMEM the cleanup function may had not been called - in this case we would not free argv and module_name. Signed-off-by: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@profusion.mobi> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-04-30usermodehelper: export call_usermodehelper_exec() and ↵Lucas De Marchi1-33/+24
call_usermodehelper_setup() call_usermodehelper_setup() + call_usermodehelper_exec() need to be called instead of call_usermodehelper_fns() when the cleanup function needs to be called even when an ENOMEM error occurs. In this case using call_usermodehelper_fns() the user can't distinguish if the cleanup function was called or not. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: export call_usermodehelper_setup() to modules] Signed-off-by: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@profusion.mobi> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-01-23Merge branch 'master' into for-3.9-asyncTejun Heo1-3/+3
To receive f56c3196f251012de9b3ebaff55732a9074fdaae ("async: fix __lowest_in_progress()"). Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
2013-01-22async, kmod: warn on synchronous request_module() from async workersTejun Heo1-0/+9
Synchronous requet_module() from an async worker can lead to deadlock because module init path may invoke async_synchronize_full(). The async worker waits for request_module() to complete and the module loading waits for the async task to finish. This bug happened in the block layer because of default elevator auto-loading. Block layer has been updated not to do default elevator auto-loading and it has been decided to disallow synchronous request_module() from async workers. Trigger WARN_ON_ONCE() on synchronous request_module() from async workers. For more details, please refer to the following thread. http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1420814 Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Reported-by: Alex Riesen <raa.lkml@gmail.com> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
2012-12-19Bury the conditionals from kernel_thread/kernel_execve seriesAl Viro1-3/+3
All architectures have CONFIG_GENERIC_KERNEL_THREAD CONFIG_GENERIC_KERNEL_EXECVE __ARCH_WANT_SYS_EXECVE None of them have __ARCH_WANT_KERNEL_EXECVE and there are only two callers of kernel_execve() (which is a trivial wrapper for do_execve() now) left. Kill the conditionals and make both callers use do_execve(). Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2012-10-12infrastructure for saner ret_from_kernel_thread semanticsAl Viro1-0/+3
* allow kernel_execve() leave the actual return to userland to caller (selected by CONFIG_GENERIC_KERNEL_EXECVE). Callers updated accordingly. * architecture that does select GENERIC_KERNEL_EXECVE in its Kconfig should have its ret_from_kernel_thread() do this: call schedule_tail call the callback left for it by copy_thread(); if it ever returns, that's because it has just done successful kernel_execve() jump to return from syscall IOW, its only difference from ret_from_fork() is that it does call the callback. * such an architecture should also get rid of ret_from_kernel_execve() and __ARCH_WANT_KERNEL_EXECVE This is the last part of infrastructure patches in that area - from that point on work on different architectures can live independently. Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2012-10-11make sure that kernel_thread() callbacks call do_exit() themselvesAl Viro1-2/+2
Most of them never returned anyway - only two functions had to be changed. That allows to simplify their callers a whole lot. Note that this does *not* apply to kthread_run() callbacks - all of those had been called from the same kernel_thread() callback, which did do_exit() already. This is strictly about very few low-level kernel_thread() callbacks (there are only 6 of those, mostly as part of kthread.h and kmod.h exported mechanisms, plus kernel_init() itself). Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2012-07-30kmod: avoid deadlock from recursive kmod callTetsuo Handa1-2/+29
The system deadlocks (at least since 2.6.10) when call_usermodehelper(UMH_WAIT_EXEC) request triggers call_usermodehelper(UMH_WAIT_PROC) request. This is because "khelper thread is waiting for the worker thread at wait_for_completion() in do_fork() since the worker thread was created with CLONE_VFORK flag" and "the worker thread cannot call complete() because do_execve() is blocked at UMH_WAIT_PROC request" and "the khelper thread cannot start processing UMH_WAIT_PROC request because the khelper thread is waiting for the worker thread at wait_for_completion() in do_fork()". The easiest example to observe this deadlock is to use a corrupted /sbin/hotplug binary (like shown below). # : > /tmp/dummy # chmod 755 /tmp/dummy # echo /tmp/dummy > /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug # modprobe whatever call_usermodehelper("/tmp/dummy", UMH_WAIT_EXEC) is called from kobject_uevent_env() in lib/kobject_uevent.c upon loading/unloading a module. do_execve("/tmp/dummy") triggers a call to request_module("binfmt-0000") from search_binary_handler() which in turn calls call_usermodehelper(UMH_WAIT_PROC). In order to avoid deadlock, as a for-now and easy-to-backport solution, do not try to call wait_for_completion() in call_usermodehelper_exec() if the worker thread was created by khelper thread with CLONE_VFORK flag. Future and fundamental solution might be replacing singleton khelper thread with some workqueue so that recursive calls up to max_active dependency loop can be handled without deadlock. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: add comment to kmod_thread_locker] Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Acked-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-07-30kernel/kmod.c: document call_usermodehelper_fns() a bitAndrew Morton1-0/+6
This function's interface is, uh, subtle. Attempt to apologise for it. Cc: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@openvz.org> Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Cc: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-05-31kmod.c: fix kernel-doc warningRandy Dunlap1-1/+1
Warning(kernel/kmod.c:419): No description found for parameter 'depth' Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-05-31kmod: move call_usermodehelper_fns() to .c file and unexport all it's helpersBoaz Harrosh1-3/+22
If we move call_usermodehelper_fns() to kmod.c file and EXPORT_SYMBOL it we can avoid exporting all it's helper functions: call_usermodehelper_setup call_usermodehelper_setfns call_usermodehelper_exec And make all of them static to kmod.c Since the optimizer will see all these as a single call site it will inline them inside call_usermodehelper_fns(). So we loose the call to _fns but gain 3 calls to the helpers. (Not that it matters) Signed-off-by: Boaz Harrosh <bharrosh@panasas.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-05-31kmod: unexport call_usermodehelper_freeinfo()Boaz Harrosh1-2/+1
call_usermodehelper_freeinfo() is not used outside of kmod.c. So unexport it, and make it static to kmod.c Signed-off-by: Boaz Harrosh <bharrosh@panasas.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-28PM / Sleep: Mitigate race between the freezer and request_firmware()Rafael J. Wysocki1-10/+37
There is a race condition between the freezer and request_firmware() such that if request_firmware() is run on one CPU and freeze_processes() is run on another CPU and usermodehelper_disable() called by it succeeds to grab umhelper_sem for writing before usermodehelper_read_trylock() called from request_firmware() acquires it for reading, the request_firmware() will fail and trigger a WARN_ON() complaining that it was called at a wrong time. However, in fact, it wasn't called at a wrong time and freeze_processes() simply happened to be executed simultaneously. To avoid this race, at least in some cases, modify usermodehelper_read_trylock() so that it doesn't fail if the freezing of tasks has just started and hasn't been completed yet. Instead, during the freezing of tasks, it will try to freeze the task that has called it so that it can wait until user space is thawed without triggering the scary warning. For this purpose, change usermodehelper_disabled so that it can take three different values, UMH_ENABLED (0), UMH_FREEZING and UMH_DISABLED. The first one means that usermode helpers are enabled, the last one means "hard disable" (i.e. the system is not ready for usermode helpers to be used) and the second one is reserved for the freezer. Namely, when freeze_processes() is started, it sets usermodehelper_disabled to UMH_FREEZING which tells usermodehelper_read_trylock() that it shouldn't fail just yet and should call try_to_freeze() if woken up and cannot return immediately. This way all freezable tasks that happen to call request_firmware() right before freeze_processes() is started and lose the race for umhelper_sem with it will be frozen and will sleep until thaw_processes() unsets usermodehelper_disabled. [For the non-freezable callers of request_firmware() the race for umhelper_sem against freeze_processes() is unfortunately unavoidable.] Reported-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl> Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2012-03-28firmware_class: Do not warn that system is not ready from async loadsRafael J. Wysocki1-13/+45
If firmware is requested asynchronously, by calling request_firmware_nowait(), there is no reason to fail the request (and warn the user) when the system is (presumably temporarily) unready to handle it (because user space is not available yet or frozen). For this reason, introduce an alternative routine for read-locking umhelper_sem, usermodehelper_read_lock_wait(), that will wait for usermodehelper_disabled to be unset (possibly with a timeout) and make request_firmware_work_func() use it instead of usermodehelper_read_trylock(). Accordingly, modify request_firmware() so that it uses usermodehelper_read_trylock() to acquire umhelper_sem and remove the code related to that lock from _request_firmware(). Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl> Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2012-03-28firmware_class: Rework usermodehelper checkRafael J. Wysocki1-13/+11
Instead of two functions, read_lock_usermodehelper() and usermodehelper_is_disabled(), used in combination, introduce usermodehelper_read_trylock() that will only return with umhelper_sem held if usermodehelper_disabled is unset (and will return -EAGAIN otherwise) and make _request_firmware() use it. Rename read_unlock_usermodehelper() to usermodehelper_read_unlock() to follow the naming convention of the new function. Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl> Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2012-03-23kmod: make __request_module() killableOleg Nesterov1-2/+24
As Tetsuo Handa pointed out, request_module() can stress the system while the oom-killed caller sleeps in TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE. The task T uses "almost all" memory, then it does something which triggers request_module(). Say, it can simply call sys_socket(). This in turn needs more memory and leads to OOM. oom-killer correctly chooses T and kills it, but this can't help because it sleeps in TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE and after that oom-killer becomes "disabled" by the TIF_MEMDIE task T. Make __request_module() killable. The only necessary change is that call_modprobe() should kmalloc argv and module_name, they can't live in the stack if we use UMH_KILLABLE. This memory is freed via call_usermodehelper_freeinfo()->cleanup. Reported-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23kmod: introduce call_modprobe() helperOleg Nesterov1-8/+16
No functional changes. Move the call_usermodehelper code from __request_module() into the new simple helper, call_modprobe(). Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23usermodehelper: ____call_usermodehelper() doesn't need do_exit()Oleg Nesterov1-1/+1
Minor cleanup. ____call_usermodehelper() can simply return, no need to call do_exit() explicitely. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23usermodehelper: kill umh_wait, renumber UMH_* constantsOleg Nesterov1-6/+2
No functional changes. It is not sane to use UMH_KILLABLE with enum umh_wait, but obviously we do not want another argument in call_usermodehelper_* helpers. Kill this enum, use the plain int. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23usermodehelper: implement UMH_KILLABLEOleg Nesterov1-2/+25
Implement UMH_KILLABLE, should be used along with UMH_WAIT_EXEC/PROC. The caller must ensure that subprocess_info->path/etc can not go away until call_usermodehelper_freeinfo(). call_usermodehelper_exec(UMH_KILLABLE) does wait_for_completion_killable. If it fails, it uses xchg(&sub_info->complete, NULL) to serialize with umh_complete() which does the same xhcg() to access sub_info->complete. If call_usermodehelper_exec wins, it can safely return. umh_complete() should get NULL and call call_usermodehelper_freeinfo(). Otherwise we know that umh_complete() was already called, in this case call_usermodehelper_exec() falls back to wait_for_completion() which should succeed "very soon". Note: UMH_NO_WAIT == -1 but it obviously should not be used with UMH_KILLABLE. We delay the neccessary cleanup to simplify the back porting. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23usermodehelper: introduce umh_complete(sub_info)Oleg Nesterov1-2/+7
Preparation. Add the new trivial helper, umh_complete(). Currently it simply does complete(sub_info->complete). Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-12-25Merge branch 'pm-sleep' into pm-for-linusRafael J. Wysocki1-1/+24
* pm-sleep: (51 commits) PM: Drop generic_subsys_pm_ops PM / Sleep: Remove forward-only callbacks from AMBA bus type PM / Sleep: Remove forward-only callbacks from platform bus type PM: Run the driver callback directly if the subsystem one is not there PM / Sleep: Make pm_op() and pm_noirq_op() return callback pointers PM / Sleep: Merge internal functions in generic_ops.c PM / Sleep: Simplify generic system suspend callbacks PM / Hibernate: Remove deprecated hibernation snapshot ioctls PM / Sleep: Fix freezer failures due to racy usermodehelper_is_disabled() PM / Sleep: Recommend [un]lock_system_sleep() over using pm_mutex directly PM / Sleep: Replace mutex_[un]lock(&pm_mutex) with [un]lock_system_sleep() PM / Sleep: Make [un]lock_system_sleep() generic PM / Sleep: Use the freezer_count() functions in [un]lock_system_sleep() APIs PM / Freezer: Remove the "userspace only" constraint from freezer[_do_not]_count() PM / Hibernate: Replace unintuitive 'if' condition in kernel/power/user.c with 'else' Freezer / sunrpc / NFS: don't allow TASK_KILLABLE sleeps to block the freezer PM / Sleep: Unify diagnostic messages from device suspend/resume ACPI / PM: Do not save/restore NVS on Asus K54C/K54HR PM / Hibernate: Remove deprecated hibernation test modes PM / Hibernate: Thaw processes in SNAPSHOT_CREATE_IMAGE ioctl test path ... Conflicts: kernel/kmod.c
2011-12-09PM / Sleep: Fix freezer failures due to racy usermodehelper_is_disabled()Srivatsa S. Bhat1-1/+22
Commit a144c6a (PM: Print a warning if firmware is requested when tasks are frozen) introduced usermodehelper_is_disabled() to warn and exit immediately if firmware is requested when usermodehelpers are disabled. However, it is racy. Consider the following scenario, currently used in drivers/base/firmware_class.c: ... if (usermodehelper_is_disabled()) goto out; /* Do actual work */ ... out: return err; Nothing prevents someone from disabling usermodehelpers just after the check in the 'if' condition, which means that it is quite possible to try doing the "actual work" with usermodehelpers disabled, leading to undesirable consequences. In particular, this race condition in _request_firmware() causes task freezing failures whenever suspend/hibernation is in progress because, it wrongly waits to get the firmware/microcode image from userspace when actually the usermodehelpers are disabled or userspace has been frozen. Some of the example scenarios that cause freezing failures due to this race are those that depend on userspace via request_firmware(), such as x86 microcode module initialization and microcode image reload. Previous discussions about this issue can be found at: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1198291/focus=1200591 This patch adds proper synchronization to fix this issue. It is to be noted that this patchset fixes the freezing failures but doesn't remove the warnings. IOW, it does not attempt to add explicit synchronization to x86 microcode driver to avoid requesting microcode image at inopportune moments. Because, the warnings were introduced to highlight such cases, in the first place. And we need not silence the warnings, since we take care of the *real* problem (freezing failure) and hence, after that, the warnings are pretty harmless anyway. Signed-off-by: Srivatsa S. Bhat <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
2011-11-23PM / Usermodehelper: Cleanup remnants of usermodehelper_pm_callback()Srivatsa S. Bhat1-4/+2
usermodehelper_pm_callback() no longer exists in the kernel. There are 2 comments in kernel/kmod.c that still refer to it. Also, the patch that introduced usermodehelper_pm_callback(), #included two header files: <linux/notifier.h> and <linux/suspend.h>. But these are no longer necessary. This patch updates the comments as appropriate and removes the unnecessary header file inclusions. Signed-off-by: Srivatsa S. Bhat <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
2011-10-26kmod: prevent kmod_loop_msg overflow in __request_module()Jiri Kosina1-1/+3
Due to post-increment in condition of kmod_loop_msg in __request_module(), the system log can be spammed by much more than 5 instances of the 'runaway loop' message if the number of events triggering it makes the kmod_loop_msg to overflow. Fix that by making sure we never increment it past the threshold. Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> CC: stable@kernel.org
2011-08-03Boot up with usermodehelper disabledLinus Torvalds1-1/+1
The core device layer sends tons of uevent notifications for each device it finds, and if the kernel has been built with a non-empty CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH that will make us try to execute the usermode helper binary for all these events very early in the boot. Not only won't the root filesystem even be mounted at that point, we literally won't have necessarily even initialized all the process handling data structures at that point, which causes no end of silly problems even when the usermode helper doesn't actually succeed in executing. So just use our existing infrastructure to disable the usermodehelpers to make the kernel start out with them disabled. We enable them when we've at least initialized stuff a bit. Problems related to an uninitialized init_ipc_ns.ids[IPC_SHM_IDS].rw_mutex reported by various people. Reported-by: Manuel Lauss <manuel.lauss@googlemail.com> Reported-by: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at> Reported-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@misterjones.org> Acked-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Vasiliy Kulikov <segoon@openwall.com> Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>