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2022-05-09fs: Convert block_read_full_page() to block_read_full_folio()Matthew Wilcox (Oracle)1-3/+3
This function is NOT converted to handle large folios, so include an assert that the filesystem isn't passing one in. Otherwise, use the folio functions instead of the page functions, where they exist. Convert all filesystems which use block_read_full_page(). Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
2022-05-08fs: Remove flags parameter from aops->write_beginMatthew Wilcox (Oracle)1-1/+1
There are no more aop flags left, so remove the parameter. Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
2022-05-08fs: Remove aop flags parameter from cont_write_begin()Matthew Wilcox (Oracle)1-1/+1
There are no more aop flags left, so remove the parameter. Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
2022-03-22Merge tag 'folio-5.18b' of git://git.infradead.org/users/willy/pagecacheLinus Torvalds1-1/+2
Pull filesystem folio updates from Matthew Wilcox: "Primarily this series converts some of the address_space operations to take a folio instead of a page. Notably: - a_ops->is_partially_uptodate() takes a folio instead of a page and changes the type of the 'from' and 'count' arguments to make it obvious they're bytes. - a_ops->invalidatepage() becomes ->invalidate_folio() and has a similar type change. - a_ops->launder_page() becomes ->launder_folio() - a_ops->set_page_dirty() becomes ->dirty_folio() and adds the address_space as an argument. There are a couple of other misc changes up front that weren't worth separating into their own pull request" * tag 'folio-5.18b' of git://git.infradead.org/users/willy/pagecache: (53 commits) fs: Remove aops ->set_page_dirty fb_defio: Use noop_dirty_folio() fs: Convert __set_page_dirty_no_writeback to noop_dirty_folio fs: Convert __set_page_dirty_buffers to block_dirty_folio nilfs: Convert nilfs_set_page_dirty() to nilfs_dirty_folio() mm: Convert swap_set_page_dirty() to swap_dirty_folio() ubifs: Convert ubifs_set_page_dirty to ubifs_dirty_folio f2fs: Convert f2fs_set_node_page_dirty to f2fs_dirty_node_folio f2fs: Convert f2fs_set_data_page_dirty to f2fs_dirty_data_folio f2fs: Convert f2fs_set_meta_page_dirty to f2fs_dirty_meta_folio afs: Convert afs_dir_set_page_dirty() to afs_dir_dirty_folio() btrfs: Convert extent_range_redirty_for_io() to use folios fs: Convert trivial uses of __set_page_dirty_nobuffers to filemap_dirty_folio btrfs: Convert from set_page_dirty to dirty_folio fscache: Convert fscache_set_page_dirty() to fscache_dirty_folio() fs: Add aops->dirty_folio fs: Remove aops->launder_page orangefs: Convert launder_page to launder_folio nfs: Convert from launder_page to launder_folio fuse: Convert from launder_page to launder_folio ...
2022-03-22fs: allocate inode by using alloc_inode_sb()Muchun Song1-1/+1
The inode allocation is supposed to use alloc_inode_sb(), so convert kmem_cache_alloc() of all filesystems to alloc_inode_sb(). Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220228122126.37293-5-songmuchun@bytedance.com Signed-off-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com> Acked-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> [ext4] Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev> Cc: Alex Shi <alexs@kernel.org> Cc: Anna Schumaker <Anna.Schumaker@Netapp.com> Cc: Chao Yu <chao@kernel.org> Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com> Cc: Fam Zheng <fam.zheng@bytedance.com> Cc: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk@kernel.org> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Kari Argillander <kari.argillander@gmail.com> Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org> Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com> Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com> Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@hammerspace.com> Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com> Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com> Cc: Xiongchun Duan <duanxiongchun@bytedance.com> Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2022-03-16fs: Convert __set_page_dirty_buffers to block_dirty_folioMatthew Wilcox (Oracle)1-1/+1
Convert all callers; mostly this is just changing the aops to point at it, but a few implementations need a little more work. Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org> Tested-by: Damien Le Moal <damien.lemoal@opensource.wdc.com> Acked-by: Damien Le Moal <damien.lemoal@opensource.wdc.com> Tested-by: Mike Marshall <hubcap@omnibond.com> # orangefs Tested-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> # afs
2022-03-15fs: Turn block_invalidatepage into block_invalidate_folioMatthew Wilcox (Oracle)1-0/+1
Remove special-casing of a NULL invalidatepage, since there is no more block_invalidatepage. Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org> Tested-by: Damien Le Moal <damien.lemoal@opensource.wdc.com> Acked-by: Damien Le Moal <damien.lemoal@opensource.wdc.com> Tested-by: Mike Marshall <hubcap@omnibond.com> # orangefs Tested-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> # afs
2022-01-20fs/adfs: remove unneeded variable make code cleanerMinghao Chi1-3/+1
Return value directly instead of taking this in a variable. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20211210023211.424609-1-chi.minghao@zte.com.cn Signed-off-by: Minghao Chi <chi.minghao@zte.com.cn> Reported-by: Zeal Robot <zealci@zte.com.cm> Cc: Christian Brauner <christian.brauner@ubuntu.com> Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2021-06-29mm: require ->set_page_dirty to be explicitly wired upChristoph Hellwig1-0/+1
Remove the CONFIG_BLOCK default to __set_page_dirty_buffers and just wire that method up for the missing instances. [hch@lst.de: ecryptfs: add a ->set_page_dirty cludge] Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210624125250.536369-1-hch@lst.de Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210614061512.3966143-4-hch@lst.de Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Reviewed-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org> Cc: Tyler Hicks <code@tyhicks.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2021-01-24fs: make helpers idmap mount awareChristian Brauner2-2/+4
Extend some inode methods with an additional user namespace argument. A filesystem that is aware of idmapped mounts will receive the user namespace the mount has been marked with. This can be used for additional permission checking and also to enable filesystems to translate between uids and gids if they need to. We have implemented all relevant helpers in earlier patches. As requested we simply extend the exisiting inode method instead of introducing new ones. This is a little more code churn but it's mostly mechanical and doesnt't leave us with additional inode methods. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210121131959.646623-25-christian.brauner@ubuntu.com Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <christian.brauner@ubuntu.com>
2021-01-24attr: handle idmapped mountsChristian Brauner1-1/+1
When file attributes are changed most filesystems rely on the setattr_prepare(), setattr_copy(), and notify_change() helpers for initialization and permission checking. Let them handle idmapped mounts. If the inode is accessed through an idmapped mount map it into the mount's user namespace. Afterwards the checks are identical to non-idmapped mounts. If the initial user namespace is passed nothing changes so non-idmapped mounts will see identical behavior as before. Helpers that perform checks on the ia_uid and ia_gid fields in struct iattr assume that ia_uid and ia_gid are intended values and have already been mapped correctly at the userspace-kernelspace boundary as we already do today. If the initial user namespace is passed nothing changes so non-idmapped mounts will see identical behavior as before. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210121131959.646623-8-christian.brauner@ubuntu.com Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <christian.brauner@ubuntu.com>
2020-10-24Merge branch 'work.misc' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-2/+1
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs Pull misc vfs updates from Al Viro: "Assorted stuff all over the place (the largest group here is Christoph's stat cleanups)" * 'work.misc' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: fs: remove KSTAT_QUERY_FLAGS fs: remove vfs_stat_set_lookup_flags fs: move vfs_fstatat out of line fs: implement vfs_stat and vfs_lstat in terms of vfs_fstatat fs: remove vfs_statx_fd fs: omfs: use kmemdup() rather than kmalloc+memcpy [PATCH] reduce boilerplate in fsid handling fs: Remove duplicated flag O_NDELAY occurring twice in VALID_OPEN_FLAGS selftests: mount: add nosymfollow tests Add a "nosymfollow" mount option.
2020-09-18[PATCH] reduce boilerplate in fsid handlingAl Viro1-2/+1
Get rid of boilerplate in most of ->statfs() instances... Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-08-23treewide: Use fallthrough pseudo-keywordGustavo A. R. Silva1-6/+6
Replace the existing /* fall through */ comments and its variants with the new pseudo-keyword macro fallthrough[1]. Also, remove unnecessary fall-through markings when it is the case. [1] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.7/process/deprecated.html?highlight=fallthrough#implicit-switch-case-fall-through Signed-off-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavoars@kernel.org>
2020-06-24block: move struct block_device to blk_types.hChristoph Hellwig1-0/+1
Move the struct block_device definition together with most of the block layer definitions, as it has nothing to do with the rest of fs.h. Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
2020-04-20docs: filesystems: fix renamed referencesMauro Carvalho Chehab1-1/+1
Some filesystem references got broken by a previous patch series I submitted. Address those. Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+huawei@kernel.org> Acked-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com> # fs/affs/Kconfig Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/57318c53008dbda7f6f4a5a9e5787f4d37e8565a.1586881715.git.mchehab+huawei@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
2020-01-25fs/adfs: bigdir: Fix an error code in adfs_fplus_read()Dan Carpenter1-1/+2
This code accidentally returns success, but it should return the -EIO error code from adfs_fplus_validate_header(). Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Fixes: d79288b4f61b ("fs/adfs: bigdir: calculate and validate directory checkbyte") Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: mostly divorse inode number from indirect disc addressRussell King3-4/+7
Avoid using the inode number as the indirect disc address, even though these currently have the same value. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: super: add support for E and E+ floppy image formatsRussell King1-1/+17
Add support for ADFS E and E+ floppy image formats, which, unlike their hard disk variants, do not have a filesystem boot block - they have a single map zone, with the map fragment stored at sector 0. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: super: extract filesystem block probeRussell King1-71/+78
Separate the filesystem block probing from the superblock filling so we can support other ADFS filesystem formats, such as the single-zone E and E+ floppy image formats which do not have a boot block. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: remove debug in adfs_dir_update()Russell King1-3/+0
Remove the noisy debug in adfs_dir_update(). Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: super: fix inode droppingRussell King1-1/+7
When we have write support enabled, we must not drop inodes before they have been written back, otherwise we lose updates to the filesystem on umount. Keep the inodes around unless we are built in read-only mode, or we are mounted read-only. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: bigdir: implement directory update supportRussell King1-1/+53
Implement big directory entry update support in the same way that we do for new directories. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: bigdir: calculate and validate directory checkbyteRussell King1-0/+38
When reading a big directory, calculate the validate the directory checkbyte to ensure that the directory contents are valid. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: bigdir: directory validation strengtheningRussell King1-1/+28
Strengthen the directory validation by ensuring that the header fields contain sensible values that fit inside the directory, and limit the directory size to 4MB as per RISC OS requirements. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: bigdir: extract directory validationRussell King1-10/+31
Extract the directory validation from the directory reading function as we will want to re-use this code. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: bigdir: factor out directory entry offset calculationRussell King1-6/+11
Factor out the directory entry byte offset calculation. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: newdir: split out directory commit from updateRussell King3-13/+18
After changing a directory, we need to update the sequence numbers and calculate the new check byte before the directory is scheduled to be written back to the media. Since this needs to happen for any change to the directory, move this into a separate method. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: newdir: clean up adfs_f_update()Russell King1-49/+24
__adfs_dir_put() and adfs_dir_find_entry() are only called from adfs_f_update(), so move them into this function, removing some unnecessary entry copying by doing so. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: newdir: merge adfs_dir_read() into adfs_f_read()Russell King1-26/+7
adfs_dir_read() is only called from adfs_f_read(), so merge it into that function. As new directories are always 2048 bytes in size, (which we rely on elsewhere) we can consolidate some of the code. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: newdir: improve directory validationRussell King1-0/+1
Check that the lastmask and reserved fields are all zero, as per the documentation. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: newdir: factor out directory format validationRussell King1-28/+20
We have two locations where we validate the new directory format, so factor this out to a helper. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: use pointers to access directory head/tailsRussell King3-36/+29
Add and use pointers in the adfs_dir structure to access the directory head and tail structures, which will always be contiguous in a buffer. This allows us to avoid memcpy()ing the data in the new directory code, making it slightly more efficient. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: add more efficient iterate() per-format methodRussell King4-14/+42
Rather than using setpos + getnext to iterate through the directory entries, pass iterate() down to the dir format code to populate the dirents. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: switch to iterate_shared methodRussell King1-3/+2
There is nothing in our readdir (aka iterate) method that relies on the directory inode being exclusively locked, so switch to using the iterate_shared() hook rather than iterate(). Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: improve compiler coverage in adfs_dir_updateRussell King1-3/+5
Get rid of the ifdef, using IS_ENABLED() instead to detect whether the code should be callable. This allows the compiler to always parse the following code, reducing the chances of errors being missed. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: improve update failure handlingRussell King1-12/+36
When we update a directory, a number of errors may happen. If we failed to find the entry to update, we can just release the directory buffers as normal. However, if we have some other error, we may have partially updated the buffers, resulting in an invalid directory. In this case, we need to discard the buffers to avoid writing the contents back to the media, and later re-read the directory from the media. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: modernise on-disk directory structuresRussell King2-27/+31
Use __u8 and pack the structures for on-disk directories. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: update directory lockingRussell King1-26/+29
Update directory locking such that it covers the validation of the directory, which could fail if another thread is concurrently writing to the same directory. Since we may sleep, we need to use a rwsem rather than a rw spinlock. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: add helper to mark directory buffers dirtyRussell King2-4/+13
Provide a helper for marking directory buffers dirty so they get written back to disk. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: add helper to read directory using inodeRussell King1-10/+22
Add a helper to read a directory using the inode, which we do in two places. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: add generic directory readingRussell King4-77/+74
Both directory formats code the mechanics of fetching the directory buffers using their own implementations. Consolidate these into one implementation. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: add generic copy functionsRussell King4-82/+75
Directories can span multiple buffers, and we currently open-code memcpy access to these buffers, including dealing with entries that are split across multiple buffers. Such code exists in both directory format implementations. Provide common functions to allow data to be copied from/to the directory buffers as if they were a contiguous set of buffers, and use them when accessing directories. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: add common directory sync methodRussell King4-40/+18
adfs_fplus_sync() can be used for both directory formats since we now have a common way to access the buffer heads, so move it into dir.c and appropriately rename it. Remove the directory-format specific implementations. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: add common directory buffer release methodRussell King4-60/+25
With the bhs pointer in place, we have no need for separate per-format free() methods, since a generic version will do. Provide a generic implementation, remove the format specific implementations and the method function pointer. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: add common dir object initialisationRussell King3-12/+13
Initialise the dir object before we pass it down to the directory format specific read handler. This allows us to get rid of the initialisation inside those handlers. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: dir: rename bh_fplus to bhsRussell King2-30/+28
Rename bh_fplus to bhs in preparation to make some of the directory handling code sharable between implementations. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: map: fix map scanningRussell King1-2/+7
When scanning the map for a fragment id, we need to keep track of the free space links, so we don't inadvertently believe that the freespace link is a valid fragment id. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: map: move map-specific sb initialisation to map.cRussell King2-10/+10
Move map specific superblock initialisation to map.c, rather than having it spread into super.c. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-01-20fs/adfs: map: use find_next_bit_le() rather than open coding itRussell King1-55/+21
Use find_next_bit_le() to find the end of a fragment in the map rather than open-coding this functionality. Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>