diff options
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/include/mem_user.h | 15 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/include/os.h | 5 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/kernel/Makefile | 6 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/kernel/init_task.c | 5 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/kernel/mem_user.c | 205 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/kernel/tempfile.c | 82 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/kernel/tlb.c | 2 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/kernel/tt/mem_user.c | 1 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/kernel/um_arch.c | 5 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/os-Linux/Makefile | 8 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/os-Linux/mem.c | 161 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/os-Linux/start_up.c | 109 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | arch/um/os-Linux/tt.c | 14 |
13 files changed, 300 insertions, 318 deletions
diff --git a/arch/um/include/mem_user.h b/arch/um/include/mem_user.h index d6404bb64662..9fef4123a65a 100644 --- a/arch/um/include/mem_user.h +++ b/arch/um/include/mem_user.h @@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ extern unsigned long task_size; extern void check_devanon(void); extern int init_mem_user(void); -extern int create_mem_file(unsigned long len); extern void setup_memory(void *entry); extern unsigned long find_iomem(char *driver, unsigned long *len_out); extern int init_maps(unsigned long physmem, unsigned long iomem, @@ -64,20 +63,6 @@ extern unsigned long phys_offset(unsigned long phys); extern void unmap_physmem(void); extern void map_memory(unsigned long virt, unsigned long phys, unsigned long len, int r, int w, int x); -extern int protect_memory(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, - int r, int w, int x, int must_succeed); extern unsigned long get_kmem_end(void); -extern void check_tmpexec(void); #endif - -/* - * Overrides for Emacs so that we follow Linus's tabbing style. - * Emacs will notice this stuff at the end of the file and automatically - * adjust the settings for this buffer only. This must remain at the end - * of the file. - * --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - * Local variables: - * c-file-style: "linux" - * End: - */ diff --git a/arch/um/include/os.h b/arch/um/include/os.h index 4c362458052c..583329d0a539 100644 --- a/arch/um/include/os.h +++ b/arch/um/include/os.h @@ -157,6 +157,9 @@ extern int os_lock_file(int fd, int excl); extern void os_early_checks(void); extern int can_do_skas(void); +/* mem.c */ +extern int create_mem_file(unsigned long len); + /* process.c */ extern unsigned long os_process_pc(int pid); extern int os_process_parent(int pid); @@ -181,6 +184,8 @@ extern unsigned long long os_usecs(void); /* tt.c * for tt mode only (will be deleted in future...) */ +extern int protect_memory(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, + int r, int w, int x, int must_succeed); extern void forward_pending_sigio(int target); extern int start_fork_tramp(void *arg, unsigned long temp_stack, int clone_flags, int (*tramp)(void *)); diff --git a/arch/um/kernel/Makefile b/arch/um/kernel/Makefile index 614b8ebeb0ed..7eb52c5a7cab 100644 --- a/arch/um/kernel/Makefile +++ b/arch/um/kernel/Makefile @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ obj-y = config.o exec_kern.o exitcode.o \ helper.o init_task.o irq.o irq_user.o ksyms.o main.o mem.o mem_user.o \ physmem.o process_kern.o ptrace.o reboot.o resource.o sigio_user.o \ sigio_kern.o signal_kern.o signal_user.o smp.o syscall_kern.o sysrq.o \ - tempfile.o time.o time_kern.o tlb.o trap_kern.o trap_user.o \ + time.o time_kern.o tlb.o trap_kern.o trap_user.o \ uaccess_user.o um_arch.o umid.o user_util.o obj-$(CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD) += initrd.o @@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_MODE_SKAS) += skas/ user-objs-$(CONFIG_TTY_LOG) += tty_log.o -USER_OBJS := $(user-objs-y) config.o helper.o main.o tempfile.o time.o \ - tty_log.o umid.o user_util.o +USER_OBJS := $(user-objs-y) config.o helper.o main.o time.o tty_log.o umid.o \ + user_util.o include arch/um/scripts/Makefile.rules diff --git a/arch/um/kernel/init_task.c b/arch/um/kernel/init_task.c index cd7c85be0a1b..49ed5ddf0704 100644 --- a/arch/um/kernel/init_task.c +++ b/arch/um/kernel/init_task.c @@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ #include "asm/pgtable.h" #include "user_util.h" #include "mem_user.h" +#include "os.h" static struct fs_struct init_fs = INIT_FS; struct mm_struct init_mm = INIT_MM(init_mm); @@ -45,8 +46,8 @@ __attribute__((__section__(".data.init_task"))) = void unprotect_stack(unsigned long stack) { - protect_memory(stack, (1 << CONFIG_KERNEL_STACK_ORDER) * PAGE_SIZE, - 1, 1, 0, 1); + os_protect_memory((void *) stack, (1 << CONFIG_KERNEL_STACK_ORDER) * PAGE_SIZE, + 1, 1, 0); } /* diff --git a/arch/um/kernel/mem_user.c b/arch/um/kernel/mem_user.c index 4a663fd434bb..d49640d9923f 100644 --- a/arch/um/kernel/mem_user.c +++ b/arch/um/kernel/mem_user.c @@ -48,219 +48,16 @@ #include "tempfile.h" #include "kern_constants.h" -#define TEMPNAME_TEMPLATE "vm_file-XXXXXX" - -static int create_tmp_file(unsigned long len) -{ - int fd, err; - char zero; - - fd = make_tempfile(TEMPNAME_TEMPLATE, NULL, 1); - if(fd < 0) { - os_print_error(fd, "make_tempfile"); - exit(1); - } - - err = os_mode_fd(fd, 0777); - if(err < 0){ - os_print_error(err, "os_mode_fd"); - exit(1); - } - err = os_seek_file(fd, len); - if(err < 0){ - os_print_error(err, "os_seek_file"); - exit(1); - } - zero = 0; - err = os_write_file(fd, &zero, 1); - if(err != 1){ - os_print_error(err, "os_write_file"); - exit(1); - } - - return(fd); -} - -void check_tmpexec(void) -{ - void *addr; - int err, fd = create_tmp_file(UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE); - - addr = mmap(NULL, UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE, - PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0); - printf("Checking PROT_EXEC mmap in /tmp..."); - fflush(stdout); - if(addr == MAP_FAILED){ - err = errno; - perror("failed"); - if(err == EPERM) - printf("/tmp must be not mounted noexec\n"); - exit(1); - } - printf("OK\n"); - munmap(addr, UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE); - - os_close_file(fd); -} - -static int have_devanon = 0; - -void check_devanon(void) -{ - int fd; - - printk("Checking for /dev/anon on the host..."); - fd = open("/dev/anon", O_RDWR); - if(fd < 0){ - printk("Not available (open failed with errno %d)\n", errno); - return; - } - - printk("OK\n"); - have_devanon = 1; -} - -static int create_anon_file(unsigned long len) -{ - void *addr; - int fd; - - fd = open("/dev/anon", O_RDWR); - if(fd < 0) { - os_print_error(fd, "opening /dev/anon"); - exit(1); - } - - addr = mmap(NULL, len, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0); - if(addr == MAP_FAILED){ - perror("mapping physmem file"); - exit(1); - } - munmap(addr, len); - - return(fd); -} - -int create_mem_file(unsigned long len) -{ - int err, fd; - - if(have_devanon) - fd = create_anon_file(len); - else fd = create_tmp_file(len); - - err = os_set_exec_close(fd, 1); - if(err < 0) - os_print_error(err, "exec_close"); - return(fd); -} - struct iomem_region *iomem_regions = NULL; int iomem_size = 0; -static int __init parse_iomem(char *str, int *add) -{ - struct iomem_region *new; - struct uml_stat buf; - char *file, *driver; - int fd, err, size; - - driver = str; - file = strchr(str,','); - if(file == NULL){ - printf("parse_iomem : failed to parse iomem\n"); - goto out; - } - *file = '\0'; - file++; - fd = os_open_file(file, of_rdwr(OPENFLAGS()), 0); - if(fd < 0){ - os_print_error(fd, "parse_iomem - Couldn't open io file"); - goto out; - } - - err = os_stat_fd(fd, &buf); - if(err < 0){ - os_print_error(err, "parse_iomem - cannot stat_fd file"); - goto out_close; - } - - new = malloc(sizeof(*new)); - if(new == NULL){ - perror("Couldn't allocate iomem_region struct"); - goto out_close; - } - - size = (buf.ust_size + UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE) & ~(UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE - 1); - - *new = ((struct iomem_region) { .next = iomem_regions, - .driver = driver, - .fd = fd, - .size = size, - .phys = 0, - .virt = 0 }); - iomem_regions = new; - iomem_size += new->size + UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE; - - return(0); - out_close: - os_close_file(fd); - out: - return(1); -} +extern int parse_iomem(char *str, int *add) __init; __uml_setup("iomem=", parse_iomem, "iomem=<name>,<file>\n" " Configure <file> as an IO memory region named <name>.\n\n" ); -int protect_memory(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, int r, int w, int x, - int must_succeed) -{ - int err; - - err = os_protect_memory((void *) addr, len, r, w, x); - if(err < 0){ - if(must_succeed) - panic("protect failed, err = %d", -err); - else return(err); - } - return(0); -} - -#if 0 -/* Debugging facility for dumping stuff out to the host, avoiding the timing - * problems that come with printf and breakpoints. - * Enable in case of emergency. - */ - -int logging = 1; -int logging_fd = -1; - -int logging_line = 0; -char logging_buf[512]; - -void log(char *fmt, ...) -{ - va_list ap; - struct timeval tv; - struct openflags flags; - - if(logging == 0) return; - if(logging_fd < 0){ - flags = of_create(of_trunc(of_rdwr(OPENFLAGS()))); - logging_fd = os_open_file("log", flags, 0644); - } - gettimeofday(&tv, NULL); - sprintf(logging_buf, "%d\t %u.%u ", logging_line++, tv.tv_sec, - tv.tv_usec); - va_start(ap, fmt); - vsprintf(&logging_buf[strlen(logging_buf)], fmt, ap); - va_end(ap); - write(logging_fd, logging_buf, strlen(logging_buf)); -} -#endif - /* * Overrides for Emacs so that we follow Linus's tabbing style. * Emacs will notice this stuff at the end of the file and automatically diff --git a/arch/um/kernel/tempfile.c b/arch/um/kernel/tempfile.c deleted file mode 100644 index b1674bc1395d..000000000000 --- a/arch/um/kernel/tempfile.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,82 +0,0 @@ -/* - * Copyright (C) 2002 Jeff Dike (jdike@karaya.com) - * Licensed under the GPL - */ - -#include <stdio.h> -#include <stdlib.h> -#include <unistd.h> -#include <string.h> -#include <errno.h> -#include <sys/param.h> -#include "init.h" - -/* Modified from create_mem_file and start_debugger */ -static char *tempdir = NULL; - -static void __init find_tempdir(void) -{ - char *dirs[] = { "TMP", "TEMP", "TMPDIR", NULL }; - int i; - char *dir = NULL; - - if(tempdir != NULL) return; /* We've already been called */ - for(i = 0; dirs[i]; i++){ - dir = getenv(dirs[i]); - if((dir != NULL) && (*dir != '\0')) - break; - } - if((dir == NULL) || (*dir == '\0')) - dir = "/tmp"; - - tempdir = malloc(strlen(dir) + 2); - if(tempdir == NULL){ - fprintf(stderr, "Failed to malloc tempdir, " - "errno = %d\n", errno); - return; - } - strcpy(tempdir, dir); - strcat(tempdir, "/"); -} - -int make_tempfile(const char *template, char **out_tempname, int do_unlink) -{ - char tempname[MAXPATHLEN]; - int fd; - - find_tempdir(); - if (*template != '/') - strcpy(tempname, tempdir); - else - *tempname = 0; - strcat(tempname, template); - fd = mkstemp(tempname); - if(fd < 0){ - fprintf(stderr, "open - cannot create %s: %s\n", tempname, - strerror(errno)); - return -1; - } - if(do_unlink && (unlink(tempname) < 0)){ - perror("unlink"); - return -1; - } - if(out_tempname){ - *out_tempname = strdup(tempname); - if(*out_tempname == NULL){ - perror("strdup"); - return -1; - } - } - return(fd); -} - -/* - * Overrides for Emacs so that we follow Linus's tabbing style. - * Emacs will notice this stuff at the end of the file and automatically - * adjust the settings for this buffer only. This must remain at the end - * of the file. - * --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - * Local variables: - * c-file-style: "linux" - * End: - */ diff --git a/arch/um/kernel/tlb.c b/arch/um/kernel/tlb.c index 80ed6188e8a2..0a562c3c0fd8 100644 --- a/arch/um/kernel/tlb.c +++ b/arch/um/kernel/tlb.c @@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ int flush_tlb_kernel_range_common(unsigned long start, unsigned long end) } else if(pte_newprot(*pte)){ updated = 1; - protect_memory(addr, PAGE_SIZE, 1, 1, 1, 1); + os_protect_memory((void *) addr, PAGE_SIZE, 1, 1, 1); } addr += PAGE_SIZE; } diff --git a/arch/um/kernel/tt/mem_user.c b/arch/um/kernel/tt/mem_user.c index 3085267459b1..03e589895388 100644 --- a/arch/um/kernel/tt/mem_user.c +++ b/arch/um/kernel/tt/mem_user.c @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ #include "tt.h" #include "mem_user.h" #include "user_util.h" +#include "os.h" void remap_data(void *segment_start, void *segment_end, int w) { diff --git a/arch/um/kernel/um_arch.c b/arch/um/kernel/um_arch.c index 09f6f7ce4695..f0a275947d34 100644 --- a/arch/um/kernel/um_arch.c +++ b/arch/um/kernel/um_arch.c @@ -361,11 +361,6 @@ int linux_main(int argc, char **argv) uml_start = CHOOSE_MODE_PROC(set_task_sizes_tt, set_task_sizes_skas, 0, &host_task_size, &task_size); - /* Need to check this early because mmapping happens before the - * kernel is running. - */ - check_tmpexec(); - brk_start = (unsigned long) sbrk(0); CHOOSE_MODE_PROC(before_mem_tt, before_mem_skas, brk_start); /* Increase physical memory size for exec-shield users diff --git a/arch/um/os-Linux/Makefile b/arch/um/os-Linux/Makefile index 7a1662419c0c..d15ec2af6a22 100644 --- a/arch/um/os-Linux/Makefile +++ b/arch/um/os-Linux/Makefile @@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ # Licensed under the GPL # -obj-y = aio.o elf_aux.o file.o process.o signal.o start_up.o time.o tt.o \ - tty.o user_syms.o drivers/ sys-$(SUBARCH)/ +obj-y = aio.o elf_aux.o file.o mem.o process.o signal.o start_up.o time.o \ + tt.o tty.o user_syms.o drivers/ sys-$(SUBARCH)/ -USER_OBJS := aio.o elf_aux.o file.o process.o signal.o start_up.o time.o tt.o \ - tty.o +USER_OBJS := aio.o elf_aux.o file.o mem.o process.o signal.o start_up.o \ + time.o tt.o tty.o elf_aux.o: $(ARCH_DIR)/kernel-offsets.h CFLAGS_elf_aux.o += -I$(objtree)/arch/um diff --git a/arch/um/os-Linux/mem.c b/arch/um/os-Linux/mem.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..8e71edaaf80b --- /dev/null +++ b/arch/um/os-Linux/mem.c @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <stddef.h> +#include <stdarg.h> +#include <unistd.h> +#include <errno.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <fcntl.h> +#include <sys/types.h> +#include <sys/mman.h> +#include "kern_util.h" +#include "user.h" +#include "user_util.h" +#include "mem_user.h" +#include "init.h" +#include "os.h" +#include "tempfile.h" +#include "kern_constants.h" + +#include <sys/param.h> + +static char *tempdir = NULL; + +static void __init find_tempdir(void) +{ + char *dirs[] = { "TMP", "TEMP", "TMPDIR", NULL }; + int i; + char *dir = NULL; + + if(tempdir != NULL) return; /* We've already been called */ + for(i = 0; dirs[i]; i++){ + dir = getenv(dirs[i]); + if((dir != NULL) && (*dir != '\0')) + break; + } + if((dir == NULL) || (*dir == '\0')) + dir = "/tmp"; + + tempdir = malloc(strlen(dir) + 2); + if(tempdir == NULL){ + fprintf(stderr, "Failed to malloc tempdir, " + "errno = %d\n", errno); + return; + } + strcpy(tempdir, dir); + strcat(tempdir, "/"); +} + +/* + * This proc still used in tt-mode + * (file: kernel/tt/ptproxy/proxy.c, proc: start_debugger). + * So it isn't 'static' yet. + */ +int make_tempfile(const char *template, char **out_tempname, int do_unlink) +{ + char tempname[MAXPATHLEN]; + int fd; + + find_tempdir(); + if (*template != '/') + strcpy(tempname, tempdir); + else + *tempname = 0; + strcat(tempname, template); + fd = mkstemp(tempname); + if(fd < 0){ + fprintf(stderr, "open - cannot create %s: %s\n", tempname, + strerror(errno)); + return -1; + } + if(do_unlink && (unlink(tempname) < 0)){ + perror("unlink"); + return -1; + } + if(out_tempname){ + *out_tempname = strdup(tempname); + if(*out_tempname == NULL){ + perror("strdup"); + return -1; + } + } + return(fd); +} + +#define TEMPNAME_TEMPLATE "vm_file-XXXXXX" + +/* + * This proc is used in start_up.c + * So it isn't 'static'. + */ +int create_tmp_file(unsigned long len) +{ + int fd, err; + char zero; + + fd = make_tempfile(TEMPNAME_TEMPLATE, NULL, 1); + if(fd < 0) { + exit(1); + } + + err = fchmod(fd, 0777); + if(err < 0){ + perror("os_mode_fd"); + exit(1); + } + + if (lseek64(fd, len, SEEK_SET) < 0) { + perror("os_seek_file"); + exit(1); + } + + zero = 0; + + err = os_write_file(fd, &zero, 1); + if(err != 1){ + errno = -err; + perror("os_write_file"); + exit(1); + } + + return(fd); +} + +static int create_anon_file(unsigned long len) +{ + void *addr; + int fd; + + fd = open("/dev/anon", O_RDWR); + if(fd < 0) { + perror("opening /dev/anon"); + exit(1); + } + + addr = mmap(NULL, len, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0); + if(addr == MAP_FAILED){ + perror("mapping physmem file"); + exit(1); + } + munmap(addr, len); + + return(fd); +} + +extern int have_devanon; + +int create_mem_file(unsigned long len) +{ + int err, fd; + + if(have_devanon) + fd = create_anon_file(len); + else fd = create_tmp_file(len); + + err = os_set_exec_close(fd, 1); + if(err < 0){ + errno = -err; + perror("exec_close"); + } + return(fd); +} diff --git a/arch/um/os-Linux/start_up.c b/arch/um/os-Linux/start_up.c index 040cc1472bc7..6af83171ca4e 100644 --- a/arch/um/os-Linux/start_up.c +++ b/arch/um/os-Linux/start_up.c @@ -4,18 +4,22 @@ */ #include <stdio.h> +#include <stddef.h> +#include <stdarg.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <signal.h> #include <sched.h> +#include <fcntl.h> #include <errno.h> -#include <stdarg.h> -#include <stdlib.h> #include <setjmp.h> #include <sys/time.h> #include <sys/wait.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <asm/unistd.h> #include <asm/page.h> +#include <sys/types.h> #include "user_util.h" #include "kern_util.h" #include "user.h" @@ -25,6 +29,7 @@ #include "sysdep/sigcontext.h" #include "irq_user.h" #include "ptrace_user.h" +#include "mem_user.h" #include "time_user.h" #include "init.h" #include "os.h" @@ -32,6 +37,8 @@ #include "choose-mode.h" #include "mode.h" #include "tempfile.h" +#include "kern_constants.h" + #ifdef UML_CONFIG_MODE_SKAS #include "skas.h" #include "skas_ptrace.h" @@ -276,9 +283,38 @@ static void __init check_ptrace(void) check_sysemu(); } +extern int create_tmp_file(unsigned long len); + +static void check_tmpexec(void) +{ + void *addr; + int err, fd = create_tmp_file(UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE); + + addr = mmap(NULL, UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE, + PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0); + printf("Checking PROT_EXEC mmap in /tmp..."); + fflush(stdout); + if(addr == MAP_FAILED){ + err = errno; + perror("failed"); + if(err == EPERM) + printf("/tmp must be not mounted noexec\n"); + exit(1); + } + printf("OK\n"); + munmap(addr, UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE); + + close(fd); +} + void os_early_checks(void) { check_ptrace(); + + /* Need to check this early because mmapping happens before the + * kernel is running. + */ + check_tmpexec(); } static int __init noprocmm_cmd_param(char *str, int* add) @@ -357,3 +393,72 @@ int can_do_skas(void) return(0); } #endif + +int have_devanon = 0; + +void check_devanon(void) +{ + int fd; + + printk("Checking for /dev/anon on the host..."); + fd = open("/dev/anon", O_RDWR); + if(fd < 0){ + printk("Not available (open failed with errno %d)\n", errno); + return; + } + + printk("OK\n"); + have_devanon = 1; +} + +int __init parse_iomem(char *str, int *add) +{ + struct iomem_region *new; + struct uml_stat buf; + char *file, *driver; + int fd, err, size; + + driver = str; + file = strchr(str,','); + if(file == NULL){ + printf("parse_iomem : failed to parse iomem\n"); + goto out; + } + *file = '\0'; + file++; + fd = os_open_file(file, of_rdwr(OPENFLAGS()), 0); + if(fd < 0){ + os_print_error(fd, "parse_iomem - Couldn't open io file"); + goto out; + } + + err = os_stat_fd(fd, &buf); + if(err < 0){ + os_print_error(err, "parse_iomem - cannot stat_fd file"); + goto out_close; + } + + new = malloc(sizeof(*new)); + if(new == NULL){ + perror("Couldn't allocate iomem_region struct"); + goto out_close; + } + + size = (buf.ust_size + UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE) & ~(UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE - 1); + + *new = ((struct iomem_region) { .next = iomem_regions, + .driver = driver, + .fd = fd, + .size = size, + .phys = 0, + .virt = 0 }); + iomem_regions = new; + iomem_size += new->size + UM_KERN_PAGE_SIZE; + + return(0); + out_close: + os_close_file(fd); + out: + return(1); +} + diff --git a/arch/um/os-Linux/tt.c b/arch/um/os-Linux/tt.c index 5b047ab8416a..a6db8877931a 100644 --- a/arch/um/os-Linux/tt.c +++ b/arch/um/os-Linux/tt.c @@ -36,6 +36,20 @@ #include "mode.h" #include "tempfile.h" +int protect_memory(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, int r, int w, int x, + int must_succeed) +{ + int err; + + err = os_protect_memory((void *) addr, len, r, w, x); + if(err < 0){ + if(must_succeed) + panic("protect failed, err = %d", -err); + else return(err); + } + return(0); +} + /* *------------------------- * only for tt mode (will be deleted in future...) |