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authorMel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>2018-12-28 00:35:41 -0800
committerLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2018-12-28 12:11:48 -0800
commit6bb154504f8b496780ec53ec81aba957a12981fa (patch)
treedbed6f65d0ff903edb43788301f2969fa37d76df /mm
parentf29d8e9c0191a2a02500945db505e5c89159c3f4 (diff)
downloadlinux-6bb154504f8b496780ec53ec81aba957a12981fa.tar.bz2
mm, page_alloc: spread allocations across zones before introducing fragmentation
Patch series "Fragmentation avoidance improvements", v5. It has been noted before that fragmentation avoidance (aka anti-fragmentation) is not perfect. Given sufficient time or an adverse workload, memory gets fragmented and the long-term success of high-order allocations degrades. This series defines an adverse workload, a definition of external fragmentation events (including serious) ones and a series that reduces the level of those fragmentation events. The details of the workload and the consequences are described in more detail in the changelogs. However, from patch 1, this is a high-level summary of the adverse workload. The exact details are found in the mmtests implementation. The broad details of the workload are as follows; 1. Create an XFS filesystem (not specified in the configuration but done as part of the testing for this patch) 2. Start 4 fio threads that write a number of 64K files inefficiently. Inefficiently means that files are created on first access and not created in advance (fio parameterr create_on_open=1) and fallocate is not used (fallocate=none). With multiple IO issuers this creates a mix of slab and page cache allocations over time. The total size of the files is 150% physical memory so that the slabs and page cache pages get mixed 3. Warm up a number of fio read-only threads accessing the same files created in step 2. This part runs for the same length of time it took to create the files. It'll fault back in old data and further interleave slab and page cache allocations. As it's now low on memory due to step 2, fragmentation occurs as pageblocks get stolen. 4. While step 3 is still running, start a process that tries to allocate 75% of memory as huge pages with a number of threads. The number of threads is based on a (NR_CPUS_SOCKET - NR_FIO_THREADS)/4 to avoid THP threads contending with fio, any other threads or forcing cross-NUMA scheduling. Note that the test has not been used on a machine with less than 8 cores. The benchmark records whether huge pages were allocated and what the fault latency was in microseconds 5. Measure the number of events potentially causing external fragmentation, the fault latency and the huge page allocation success rate. 6. Cleanup Overall the series reduces external fragmentation causing events by over 94% on 1 and 2 socket machines, which in turn impacts high-order allocation success rates over the long term. There are differences in latencies and high-order allocation success rates. Latencies are a mixed bag as they are vulnerable to exact system state and whether allocations succeeded so they are treated as a secondary metric. Patch 1 uses lower zones if they are populated and have free memory instead of fragmenting a higher zone. It's special cased to handle a Normal->DMA32 fallback with the reasons explained in the changelog. Patch 2-4 boosts watermarks temporarily when an external fragmentation event occurs. kswapd wakes to reclaim a small amount of old memory and then wakes kcompactd on completion to recover the system slightly. This introduces some overhead in the slowpath. The level of boosting can be tuned or disabled depending on the tolerance for fragmentation vs allocation latency. Patch 5 stalls some movable allocation requests to let kswapd from patch 4 make some progress. The duration of the stalls is very low but it is possible to tune the system to avoid fragmentation events if larger stalls can be tolerated. The bulk of the improvement in fragmentation avoidance is from patches 1-4 but patch 5 can deal with a rare corner case and provides the option of tuning a system for THP allocation success rates in exchange for some stalls to control fragmentation. This patch (of 5): The page allocator zone lists are iterated based on the watermarks of each zone which does not take anti-fragmentation into account. On x86, node 0 may have multiple zones while other nodes have one zone. A consequence is that tasks running on node 0 may fragment ZONE_NORMAL even though ZONE_DMA32 has plenty of free memory. This patch special cases the allocator fast path such that it'll try an allocation from a lower local zone before fragmenting a higher zone. In this case, stealing of pageblocks or orders larger than a pageblock are still allowed in the fast path as they are uninteresting from a fragmentation point of view. This was evaluated using a benchmark designed to fragment memory before attempting THP allocations. It's implemented in mmtests as the following configurations configs/config-global-dhp__workload_thpfioscale configs/config-global-dhp__workload_thpfioscale-defrag configs/config-global-dhp__workload_thpfioscale-madvhugepage e.g. from mmtests ./run-mmtests.sh --run-monitor --config configs/config-global-dhp__workload_thpfioscale test-run-1 The broad details of the workload are as follows; 1. Create an XFS filesystem (not specified in the configuration but done as part of the testing for this patch). 2. Start 4 fio threads that write a number of 64K files inefficiently. Inefficiently means that files are created on first access and not created in advance (fio parameter create_on_open=1) and fallocate is not used (fallocate=none). With multiple IO issuers this creates a mix of slab and page cache allocations over time. The total size of the files is 150% physical memory so that the slabs and page cache pages get mixed. 3. Warm up a number of fio read-only processes accessing the same files created in step 2. This part runs for the same length of time it took to create the files. It'll refault old data and further interleave slab and page cache allocations. As it's now low on memory due to step 2, fragmentation occurs as pageblocks get stolen. 4. While step 3 is still running, start a process that tries to allocate 75% of memory as huge pages with a number of threads. The number of threads is based on a (NR_CPUS_SOCKET - NR_FIO_THREADS)/4 to avoid THP threads contending with fio, any other threads or forcing cross-NUMA scheduling. Note that the test has not been used on a machine with less than 8 cores. The benchmark records whether huge pages were allocated and what the fault latency was in microseconds. 5. Measure the number of events potentially causing external fragmentation, the fault latency and the huge page allocation success rate. 6. Cleanup the test files. Note that due to the use of IO and page cache that this benchmark is not suitable for running on large machines where the time to fragment memory may be excessive. Also note that while this is one mix that generates fragmentation that it's not the only mix that generates fragmentation. Differences in workload that are more slab-intensive or whether SLUB is used with high-order pages may yield different results. When the page allocator fragments memory, it records the event using the mm_page_alloc_extfrag ftrace event. If the fallback_order is smaller than a pageblock order (order-9 on 64-bit x86) then it's considered to be an "external fragmentation event" that may cause issues in the future. Hence, the primary metric here is the number of external fragmentation events that occur with order < 9. The secondary metric is allocation latency and huge page allocation success rates but note that differences in latencies and what the success rate also can affect the number of external fragmentation event which is why it's a secondary metric. 1-socket Skylake machine config-global-dhp__workload_thpfioscale XFS (no special madvise) 4 fio threads, 1 THP allocating thread -------------------------------------- 4.20-rc3 extfrag events < order 9: 804694 4.20-rc3+patch: 408912 (49% reduction) thpfioscale Fault Latencies 4.20.0-rc3 4.20.0-rc3 vanilla lowzone-v5r8 Amean fault-base-1 662.92 ( 0.00%) 653.58 * 1.41%* Amean fault-huge-1 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) 4.20.0-rc3 4.20.0-rc3 vanilla lowzone-v5r8 Percentage huge-1 0.00 ( 0.00%) 0.00 ( 0.00%) Fault latencies are slightly reduced while allocation success rates remain at zero as this configuration does not make any special effort to allocate THP and fio is heavily active at the time and either filling memory or keeping pages resident. However, a 49% reduction of serious fragmentation events reduces the changes of external fragmentation being a problem in the future. Vlastimil asked during review for a breakdown of the allocation types that are falling back. vanilla 3816 MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE 800845 MIGRATE_MOVABLE 33 MIGRATE_UNRECLAIMABLE patch 735 MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE 408135 MIGRATE_MOVABLE 42 MIGRATE_UNRECLAIMABLE The majority of the fallbacks are due to movable allocations and this is consistent for the workload throughout the series so will not be presented again as the primary source of fallbacks are movable allocations. Movable fallbacks are sometimes considered "ok" to fallback because they can be migrated. The problem is that they can fill an unmovable/reclaimable pageblock causing those allocations to fallback later and polluting pageblocks with pages that cannot move. If there is a movable fallback, it is pretty much guaranteed to affect an unmovable/reclaimable pageblock and while it might not be enough to actually cause a unmovable/reclaimable fallback in the future, we cannot know that in advance so the patch takes the only option available to it. Hence, it's important to control them. This point is also consistent throughout the series and will not be repeated. 1-socket Skylake machine global-dhp__workload_thpfioscale-madvhugepage-xfs (MADV_HUGEPAGE) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 4.20-rc3 extfrag events < order 9: 291392 4.20-rc3+patch: 191187 (34% reduction) thpfioscale Fault Latencies 4.20.0-rc3 4.20.0-rc3 vanilla lowzone-v5r8 Amean fault-base-1 1495.14 ( 0.00%) 1467.55 ( 1.85%) Amean fault-huge-1 1098.48 ( 0.00%) 1127.11 ( -2.61%) thpfioscale Percentage Faults Huge 4.20.0-rc3 4.20.0-rc3 vanilla lowzone-v5r8 Percentage huge-1 78.57 ( 0.00%) 77.64 ( -1.18%) Fragmentation events were reduced quite a bit although this is known to be a little variable. The latencies and allocation success rates are similar but they were already quite high. 2-socket Haswell machine config-global-dhp__workload_thpfioscale XFS (no special madvise) 4 fio threads, 5 THP allocating threads ---------------------------------------------------------------- 4.20-rc3 extfrag events < order 9: 215698 4.20-rc3+patch: 200210 (7% reduction) thpfioscale Fault Latencies 4.20.0-rc3 4.20.0-rc3 vanilla lowzone-v5r8 Amean fault-base-5 1350.05 ( 0.00%) 1346.45 ( 0.27%) Amean fault-huge-5 4181.01 ( 0.00%) 3418.60 ( 18.24%) 4.20.0-rc3 4.20.0-rc3 vanilla lowzone-v5r8 Percentage huge-5 1.15 ( 0.00%) 0.78 ( -31.88%) The reduction of external fragmentation events is slight and this is partially due to the removal of __GFP_THISNODE in commit ac5b2c18911f ("mm: thp: relax __GFP_THISNODE for MADV_HUGEPAGE mappings") as THP allocations can now spill over to remote nodes instead of fragmenting local memory. 2-socket Haswell machine global-dhp__workload_thpfioscale-madvhugepage-xfs (MADV_HUGEPAGE) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 4.20-rc3 extfrag events < order 9: 166352 4.20-rc3+patch: 147463 (11% reduction) thpfioscale Fault Latencies 4.20.0-rc3 4.20.0-rc3 vanilla lowzone-v5r8 Amean fault-base-5 6138.97 ( 0.00%) 6217.43 ( -1.28%) Amean fault-huge-5 2294.28 ( 0.00%) 3163.33 * -37.88%* thpfioscale Percentage Faults Huge 4.20.0-rc3 4.20.0-rc3 vanilla lowzone-v5r8 Percentage huge-5 96.82 ( 0.00%) 95.14 ( -1.74%) There was a slight reduction in external fragmentation events although the latencies were higher. The allocation success rate is high enough that the system is struggling and there is quite a lot of parallel reclaim and compaction activity. There is also a certain degree of luck on whether processes start on node 0 or not for this patch but the relevance is reduced later in the series. Overall, the patch reduces the number of external fragmentation causing events so the success of THP over long periods of time would be improved for this adverse workload. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20181123114528.28802-2-mgorman@techsingularity.net Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net> Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Zi Yan <zi.yan@cs.rutgers.edu> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Diffstat (limited to 'mm')
-rw-r--r--mm/internal.h13
-rw-r--r--mm/page_alloc.c108
2 files changed, 105 insertions, 16 deletions
diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
index 6a57811ae47d..2ffe0cd64c70 100644
--- a/mm/internal.h
+++ b/mm/internal.h
@@ -490,10 +490,15 @@ unsigned long reclaim_clean_pages_from_list(struct zone *zone,
#define ALLOC_OOM ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS
#endif
-#define ALLOC_HARDER 0x10 /* try to alloc harder */
-#define ALLOC_HIGH 0x20 /* __GFP_HIGH set */
-#define ALLOC_CPUSET 0x40 /* check for correct cpuset */
-#define ALLOC_CMA 0x80 /* allow allocations from CMA areas */
+#define ALLOC_HARDER 0x10 /* try to alloc harder */
+#define ALLOC_HIGH 0x20 /* __GFP_HIGH set */
+#define ALLOC_CPUSET 0x40 /* check for correct cpuset */
+#define ALLOC_CMA 0x80 /* allow allocations from CMA areas */
+#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
+#define ALLOC_NOFRAGMENT 0x100 /* avoid mixing pageblock types */
+#else
+#define ALLOC_NOFRAGMENT 0x0
+#endif
enum ttu_flags;
struct tlbflush_unmap_batch;
diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
index 298b449a03c7..251b8a0c9c5d 100644
--- a/mm/page_alloc.c
+++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
@@ -2375,20 +2375,30 @@ static bool unreserve_highatomic_pageblock(const struct alloc_context *ac,
* condition simpler.
*/
static __always_inline bool
-__rmqueue_fallback(struct zone *zone, int order, int start_migratetype)
+__rmqueue_fallback(struct zone *zone, int order, int start_migratetype,
+ unsigned int alloc_flags)
{
struct free_area *area;
int current_order;
+ int min_order = order;
struct page *page;
int fallback_mt;
bool can_steal;
/*
+ * Do not steal pages from freelists belonging to other pageblocks
+ * i.e. orders < pageblock_order. If there are no local zones free,
+ * the zonelists will be reiterated without ALLOC_NOFRAGMENT.
+ */
+ if (alloc_flags & ALLOC_NOFRAGMENT)
+ min_order = pageblock_order;
+
+ /*
* Find the largest available free page in the other list. This roughly
* approximates finding the pageblock with the most free pages, which
* would be too costly to do exactly.
*/
- for (current_order = MAX_ORDER - 1; current_order >= order;
+ for (current_order = MAX_ORDER - 1; current_order >= min_order;
--current_order) {
area = &(zone->free_area[current_order]);
fallback_mt = find_suitable_fallback(area, current_order,
@@ -2447,7 +2457,8 @@ do_steal:
* Call me with the zone->lock already held.
*/
static __always_inline struct page *
-__rmqueue(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order, int migratetype)
+__rmqueue(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order, int migratetype,
+ unsigned int alloc_flags)
{
struct page *page;
@@ -2457,7 +2468,8 @@ retry:
if (migratetype == MIGRATE_MOVABLE)
page = __rmqueue_cma_fallback(zone, order);
- if (!page && __rmqueue_fallback(zone, order, migratetype))
+ if (!page && __rmqueue_fallback(zone, order, migratetype,
+ alloc_flags))
goto retry;
}
@@ -2472,13 +2484,14 @@ retry:
*/
static int rmqueue_bulk(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order,
unsigned long count, struct list_head *list,
- int migratetype)
+ int migratetype, unsigned int alloc_flags)
{
int i, alloced = 0;
spin_lock(&zone->lock);
for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
- struct page *page = __rmqueue(zone, order, migratetype);
+ struct page *page = __rmqueue(zone, order, migratetype,
+ alloc_flags);
if (unlikely(page == NULL))
break;
@@ -2934,6 +2947,7 @@ static inline void zone_statistics(struct zone *preferred_zone, struct zone *z)
/* Remove page from the per-cpu list, caller must protect the list */
static struct page *__rmqueue_pcplist(struct zone *zone, int migratetype,
+ unsigned int alloc_flags,
struct per_cpu_pages *pcp,
struct list_head *list)
{
@@ -2943,7 +2957,7 @@ static struct page *__rmqueue_pcplist(struct zone *zone, int migratetype,
if (list_empty(list)) {
pcp->count += rmqueue_bulk(zone, 0,
pcp->batch, list,
- migratetype);
+ migratetype, alloc_flags);
if (unlikely(list_empty(list)))
return NULL;
}
@@ -2959,7 +2973,8 @@ static struct page *__rmqueue_pcplist(struct zone *zone, int migratetype,
/* Lock and remove page from the per-cpu list */
static struct page *rmqueue_pcplist(struct zone *preferred_zone,
struct zone *zone, unsigned int order,
- gfp_t gfp_flags, int migratetype)
+ gfp_t gfp_flags, int migratetype,
+ unsigned int alloc_flags)
{
struct per_cpu_pages *pcp;
struct list_head *list;
@@ -2969,7 +2984,7 @@ static struct page *rmqueue_pcplist(struct zone *preferred_zone,
local_irq_save(flags);
pcp = &this_cpu_ptr(zone->pageset)->pcp;
list = &pcp->lists[migratetype];
- page = __rmqueue_pcplist(zone, migratetype, pcp, list);
+ page = __rmqueue_pcplist(zone, migratetype, alloc_flags, pcp, list);
if (page) {
__count_zid_vm_events(PGALLOC, page_zonenum(page), 1 << order);
zone_statistics(preferred_zone, zone);
@@ -2992,7 +3007,7 @@ struct page *rmqueue(struct zone *preferred_zone,
if (likely(order == 0)) {
page = rmqueue_pcplist(preferred_zone, zone, order,
- gfp_flags, migratetype);
+ gfp_flags, migratetype, alloc_flags);
goto out;
}
@@ -3011,7 +3026,7 @@ struct page *rmqueue(struct zone *preferred_zone,
trace_mm_page_alloc_zone_locked(page, order, migratetype);
}
if (!page)
- page = __rmqueue(zone, order, migratetype);
+ page = __rmqueue(zone, order, migratetype, alloc_flags);
} while (page && check_new_pages(page, order));
spin_unlock(&zone->lock);
if (!page)
@@ -3253,6 +3268,40 @@ static bool zone_allows_reclaim(struct zone *local_zone, struct zone *zone)
}
#endif /* CONFIG_NUMA */
+#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
+/*
+ * The restriction on ZONE_DMA32 as being a suitable zone to use to avoid
+ * fragmentation is subtle. If the preferred zone was HIGHMEM then
+ * premature use of a lower zone may cause lowmem pressure problems that
+ * are worse than fragmentation. If the next zone is ZONE_DMA then it is
+ * probably too small. It only makes sense to spread allocations to avoid
+ * fragmentation between the Normal and DMA32 zones.
+ */
+static inline unsigned int
+alloc_flags_nofragment(struct zone *zone)
+{
+ if (zone_idx(zone) != ZONE_NORMAL)
+ return 0;
+
+ /*
+ * If ZONE_DMA32 exists, assume it is the one after ZONE_NORMAL and
+ * the pointer is within zone->zone_pgdat->node_zones[]. Also assume
+ * on UMA that if Normal is populated then so is DMA32.
+ */
+ BUILD_BUG_ON(ZONE_NORMAL - ZONE_DMA32 != 1);
+ if (nr_online_nodes > 1 && !populated_zone(--zone))
+ return 0;
+
+ return ALLOC_NOFRAGMENT;
+}
+#else
+static inline unsigned int
+alloc_flags_nofragment(struct zone *zone)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
/*
* get_page_from_freelist goes through the zonelist trying to allocate
* a page.
@@ -3261,14 +3310,18 @@ static struct page *
get_page_from_freelist(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order, int alloc_flags,
const struct alloc_context *ac)
{
- struct zoneref *z = ac->preferred_zoneref;
+ struct zoneref *z;
struct zone *zone;
struct pglist_data *last_pgdat_dirty_limit = NULL;
+ bool no_fallback;
+retry:
/*
* Scan zonelist, looking for a zone with enough free.
* See also __cpuset_node_allowed() comment in kernel/cpuset.c.
*/
+ no_fallback = alloc_flags & ALLOC_NOFRAGMENT;
+ z = ac->preferred_zoneref;
for_next_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, ac->zonelist, ac->high_zoneidx,
ac->nodemask) {
struct page *page;
@@ -3307,6 +3360,22 @@ get_page_from_freelist(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order, int alloc_flags,
}
}
+ if (no_fallback && nr_online_nodes > 1 &&
+ zone != ac->preferred_zoneref->zone) {
+ int local_nid;
+
+ /*
+ * If moving to a remote node, retry but allow
+ * fragmenting fallbacks. Locality is more important
+ * than fragmentation avoidance.
+ */
+ local_nid = zone_to_nid(ac->preferred_zoneref->zone);
+ if (zone_to_nid(zone) != local_nid) {
+ alloc_flags &= ~ALLOC_NOFRAGMENT;
+ goto retry;
+ }
+ }
+
mark = zone->watermark[alloc_flags & ALLOC_WMARK_MASK];
if (!zone_watermark_fast(zone, order, mark,
ac_classzone_idx(ac), alloc_flags)) {
@@ -3374,6 +3443,15 @@ try_this_zone:
}
}
+ /*
+ * It's possible on a UMA machine to get through all zones that are
+ * fragmented. If avoiding fragmentation, reset and try again.
+ */
+ if (no_fallback) {
+ alloc_flags &= ~ALLOC_NOFRAGMENT;
+ goto retry;
+ }
+
return NULL;
}
@@ -4369,6 +4447,12 @@ __alloc_pages_nodemask(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order, int preferred_nid,
finalise_ac(gfp_mask, &ac);
+ /*
+ * Forbid the first pass from falling back to types that fragment
+ * memory until all local zones are considered.
+ */
+ alloc_flags |= alloc_flags_nofragment(ac.preferred_zoneref->zone);
+
/* First allocation attempt */
page = get_page_from_freelist(alloc_mask, order, alloc_flags, &ac);
if (likely(page))