Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ryusuke/nilfs2

* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ryusuke/nilfs2: (23 commits)
  nilfs2: disallow remount of snapshot from/to a regular mount
  nilfs2: use huge_encode_dev/huge_decode_dev
  nilfs2: update comment on deactivate_super at nilfs_get_sb
  nilfs2: replace MS_VERBOSE with MS_SILENT
  nilfs2: add missing initialization of s_mode
  nilfs2: fix misuse of open_bdev_exclusive/close_bdev_exclusive
  nilfs2: enlarge s_volume_name member in nilfs_super_block
  nilfs2: use checkpoint number instead of timestamp to select super block
  nilfs2: add missing endian conversion on super block magic number
  nilfs2: make nilfs_sc_*_ops static
  nilfs2: add kernel doc comments to persistent object allocator functions
  nilfs2: change sc_timer from a pointer to an embedded one in struct nilfs_sc_info
  nilfs2: remove nilfs_segctor_init() in segment.c
  nilfs2: insert checkpoint number in segment summary header
  nilfs2: add a print message after loading nilfs2
  nilfs2: cleanup multi kmem_cache_{create,destroy} code
  nilfs2: move out checksum routines to segment buffer code
  nilfs2: move pointer to super root block into logs
  nilfs2: change default of 'errors' mount option to 'remount-ro' mode
  nilfs2: Combine nilfs_btree_release_path() and nilfs_btree_free_path()
  ...

14 files changed, 423 insertions, 350 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/nilfs2.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/nilfs2.txt
index cf6d0d85ca82..d3e7673995eb 100644
--- a/Documentation/filesystems/nilfs2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/nilfs2.txt
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ NILFS2 supports the following mount options:
 (*) == default
 
 nobarrier		Disables barriers.
-errors=continue(*)	Keep going on a filesystem error.
-errors=remount-ro	Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
+errors=continue		Keep going on a filesystem error.
+errors=remount-ro(*)	Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
 errors=panic		Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
 cp=n			Specify the checkpoint-number of the snapshot to be
 			mounted.  Checkpoints and snapshots are listed by lscp
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/alloc.c b/fs/nilfs2/alloc.c
index 7cfb87e692da..d7fd696e595c 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/alloc.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/alloc.c
@@ -31,6 +31,11 @@
 #include "alloc.h"
 
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_groups_per_desc_block - get the number of groups that a group
+ *					descriptor block can maintain
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ */
 static inline unsigned long
 nilfs_palloc_groups_per_desc_block(const struct inode *inode)
 {
@@ -38,12 +43,21 @@ nilfs_palloc_groups_per_desc_block(const struct inode *inode)
 		sizeof(struct nilfs_palloc_group_desc);
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_groups_count - get maximum number of groups
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ */
 static inline unsigned long
 nilfs_palloc_groups_count(const struct inode *inode)
 {
 	return 1UL << (BITS_PER_LONG - (inode->i_blkbits + 3 /* log2(8) */));
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_init_blockgroup - initialize private variables for allocator
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @entry_size: size of the persistent object
+ */
 int nilfs_palloc_init_blockgroup(struct inode *inode, unsigned entry_size)
 {
 	struct nilfs_mdt_info *mi = NILFS_MDT(inode);
@@ -69,6 +83,12 @@ int nilfs_palloc_init_blockgroup(struct inode *inode, unsigned entry_size)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_group - get group number and offset from an entry number
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @nr: serial number of the entry (e.g. inode number)
+ * @offset: pointer to store offset number in the group
+ */
 static unsigned long nilfs_palloc_group(const struct inode *inode, __u64 nr,
 					unsigned long *offset)
 {
@@ -78,6 +98,14 @@ static unsigned long nilfs_palloc_group(const struct inode *inode, __u64 nr,
 	return group;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_desc_blkoff - get block offset of a group descriptor block
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @group: group number
+ *
+ * nilfs_palloc_desc_blkoff() returns block offset of the descriptor
+ * block which contains a descriptor of the specified group.
+ */
 static unsigned long
 nilfs_palloc_desc_blkoff(const struct inode *inode, unsigned long group)
 {
@@ -86,6 +114,14 @@ nilfs_palloc_desc_blkoff(const struct inode *inode, unsigned long group)
 	return desc_block * NILFS_MDT(inode)->mi_blocks_per_desc_block;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_bitmap_blkoff - get block offset of a bitmap block
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @group: group number
+ *
+ * nilfs_palloc_bitmap_blkoff() returns block offset of the bitmap
+ * block used to allocate/deallocate entries in the specified group.
+ */
 static unsigned long
 nilfs_palloc_bitmap_blkoff(const struct inode *inode, unsigned long group)
 {
@@ -95,6 +131,12 @@ nilfs_palloc_bitmap_blkoff(const struct inode *inode, unsigned long group)
 		desc_offset * NILFS_MDT(inode)->mi_blocks_per_group;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_group_desc_nfrees - get the number of free entries in a group
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @group: group number
+ * @desc: pointer to descriptor structure for the group
+ */
 static unsigned long
 nilfs_palloc_group_desc_nfrees(struct inode *inode, unsigned long group,
 			       const struct nilfs_palloc_group_desc *desc)
@@ -107,6 +149,13 @@ nilfs_palloc_group_desc_nfrees(struct inode *inode, unsigned long group,
 	return nfree;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_group_desc_add_entries - adjust count of free entries
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @group: group number
+ * @desc: pointer to descriptor structure for the group
+ * @n: delta to be added
+ */
 static void
 nilfs_palloc_group_desc_add_entries(struct inode *inode,
 				    unsigned long group,
@@ -118,6 +167,11 @@ nilfs_palloc_group_desc_add_entries(struct inode *inode,
 	spin_unlock(nilfs_mdt_bgl_lock(inode, group));
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_entry_blkoff - get block offset of an entry block
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @nr: serial number of the entry (e.g. inode number)
+ */
 static unsigned long
 nilfs_palloc_entry_blkoff(const struct inode *inode, __u64 nr)
 {
@@ -129,6 +183,12 @@ nilfs_palloc_entry_blkoff(const struct inode *inode, __u64 nr)
 		group_offset / NILFS_MDT(inode)->mi_entries_per_block;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_desc_block_init - initialize buffer of a group descriptor block
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file
+ * @bh: buffer head of the buffer to be initialized
+ * @kaddr: kernel address mapped for the page including the buffer
+ */
 static void nilfs_palloc_desc_block_init(struct inode *inode,
 					 struct buffer_head *bh, void *kaddr)
 {
@@ -179,6 +239,13 @@ static int nilfs_palloc_get_block(struct inode *inode, unsigned long blkoff,
 	return ret;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_get_desc_block - get buffer head of a group descriptor block
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @group: group number
+ * @create: create flag
+ * @bhp: pointer to store the resultant buffer head
+ */
 static int nilfs_palloc_get_desc_block(struct inode *inode,
 				       unsigned long group,
 				       int create, struct buffer_head **bhp)
@@ -191,6 +258,13 @@ static int nilfs_palloc_get_desc_block(struct inode *inode,
 				      bhp, &cache->prev_desc, &cache->lock);
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_get_bitmap_block - get buffer head of a bitmap block
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @group: group number
+ * @create: create flag
+ * @bhp: pointer to store the resultant buffer head
+ */
 static int nilfs_palloc_get_bitmap_block(struct inode *inode,
 					 unsigned long group,
 					 int create, struct buffer_head **bhp)
@@ -203,6 +277,13 @@ static int nilfs_palloc_get_bitmap_block(struct inode *inode,
 				      &cache->prev_bitmap, &cache->lock);
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_get_entry_block - get buffer head of an entry block
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @nr: serial number of the entry (e.g. inode number)
+ * @create: create flag
+ * @bhp: pointer to store the resultant buffer head
+ */
 int nilfs_palloc_get_entry_block(struct inode *inode, __u64 nr,
 				 int create, struct buffer_head **bhp)
 {
@@ -214,6 +295,13 @@ int nilfs_palloc_get_entry_block(struct inode *inode, __u64 nr,
 				      &cache->prev_entry, &cache->lock);
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_block_get_group_desc - get kernel address of a group descriptor
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @group: group number
+ * @bh: buffer head of the buffer storing the group descriptor block
+ * @kaddr: kernel address mapped for the page including the buffer
+ */
 static struct nilfs_palloc_group_desc *
 nilfs_palloc_block_get_group_desc(const struct inode *inode,
 				  unsigned long group,
@@ -223,6 +311,13 @@ nilfs_palloc_block_get_group_desc(const struct inode *inode,
 		group % nilfs_palloc_groups_per_desc_block(inode);
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_block_get_entry - get kernel address of an entry
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @nr: serial number of the entry (e.g. inode number)
+ * @bh: buffer head of the buffer storing the entry block
+ * @kaddr: kernel address mapped for the page including the buffer
+ */
 void *nilfs_palloc_block_get_entry(const struct inode *inode, __u64 nr,
 				   const struct buffer_head *bh, void *kaddr)
 {
@@ -235,11 +330,19 @@ void *nilfs_palloc_block_get_entry(const struct inode *inode, __u64 nr,
 		entry_offset * NILFS_MDT(inode)->mi_entry_size;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_find_available_slot - find available slot in a group
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @group: group number
+ * @target: offset number of an entry in the group (start point)
+ * @bitmap: bitmap of the group
+ * @bsize: size in bits
+ */
 static int nilfs_palloc_find_available_slot(struct inode *inode,
 					    unsigned long group,
 					    unsigned long target,
 					    unsigned char *bitmap,
-					    int bsize)  /* size in bits */
+					    int bsize)
 {
 	int curr, pos, end, i;
 
@@ -277,6 +380,13 @@ static int nilfs_palloc_find_available_slot(struct inode *inode,
 	return -ENOSPC;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_rest_groups_in_desc_block - get the remaining number of groups
+ *					    in a group descriptor block
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @curr: current group number
+ * @max: maximum number of groups
+ */
 static unsigned long
 nilfs_palloc_rest_groups_in_desc_block(const struct inode *inode,
 				       unsigned long curr, unsigned long max)
@@ -287,6 +397,11 @@ nilfs_palloc_rest_groups_in_desc_block(const struct inode *inode,
 		     max - curr + 1);
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_prepare_alloc_entry - prepare to allocate a persistent object
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @req: nilfs_palloc_req structure exchanged for the allocation
+ */
 int nilfs_palloc_prepare_alloc_entry(struct inode *inode,
 				     struct nilfs_palloc_req *req)
 {
@@ -366,6 +481,11 @@ int nilfs_palloc_prepare_alloc_entry(struct inode *inode,
 	return ret;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_commit_alloc_entry - finish allocation of a persistent object
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @req: nilfs_palloc_req structure exchanged for the allocation
+ */
 void nilfs_palloc_commit_alloc_entry(struct inode *inode,
 				     struct nilfs_palloc_req *req)
 {
@@ -377,6 +497,11 @@ void nilfs_palloc_commit_alloc_entry(struct inode *inode,
 	brelse(req->pr_desc_bh);
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_commit_free_entry - finish deallocating a persistent object
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @req: nilfs_palloc_req structure exchanged for the removal
+ */
 void nilfs_palloc_commit_free_entry(struct inode *inode,
 				    struct nilfs_palloc_req *req)
 {
@@ -410,6 +535,11 @@ void nilfs_palloc_commit_free_entry(struct inode *inode,
 	brelse(req->pr_desc_bh);
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_abort_alloc_entry - cancel allocation of a persistent object
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @req: nilfs_palloc_req structure exchanged for the allocation
+ */
 void nilfs_palloc_abort_alloc_entry(struct inode *inode,
 				    struct nilfs_palloc_req *req)
 {
@@ -442,6 +572,11 @@ void nilfs_palloc_abort_alloc_entry(struct inode *inode,
 	req->pr_desc_bh = NULL;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_prepare_free_entry - prepare to deallocate a persistent object
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @req: nilfs_palloc_req structure exchanged for the removal
+ */
 int nilfs_palloc_prepare_free_entry(struct inode *inode,
 				    struct nilfs_palloc_req *req)
 {
@@ -464,6 +599,11 @@ int nilfs_palloc_prepare_free_entry(struct inode *inode,
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_abort_free_entry - cancel deallocating a persistent object
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @req: nilfs_palloc_req structure exchanged for the removal
+ */
 void nilfs_palloc_abort_free_entry(struct inode *inode,
 				   struct nilfs_palloc_req *req)
 {
@@ -475,6 +615,12 @@ void nilfs_palloc_abort_free_entry(struct inode *inode,
 	req->pr_desc_bh = NULL;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_group_is_in - judge if an entry is in a group
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @group: group number
+ * @nr: serial number of the entry (e.g. inode number)
+ */
 static int
 nilfs_palloc_group_is_in(struct inode *inode, unsigned long group, __u64 nr)
 {
@@ -485,6 +631,12 @@ nilfs_palloc_group_is_in(struct inode *inode, unsigned long group, __u64 nr)
 	return (nr >= first) && (nr <= last);
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_freev - deallocate a set of persistent objects
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ * @entry_nrs: array of entry numbers to be deallocated
+ * @nitems: number of entries stored in @entry_nrs
+ */
 int nilfs_palloc_freev(struct inode *inode, __u64 *entry_nrs, size_t nitems)
 {
 	struct buffer_head *desc_bh, *bitmap_bh;
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/alloc.h b/fs/nilfs2/alloc.h
index 5cccf874d692..9af34a7e6e13 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/alloc.h
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/alloc.h
@@ -29,6 +29,13 @@
 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_palloc_entries_per_group - get the number of entries per group
+ * @inode: inode of metadata file using this allocator
+ *
+ * The number of entries per group is defined by the number of bits
+ * that a bitmap block can maintain.
+ */
 static inline unsigned long
 nilfs_palloc_entries_per_group(const struct inode *inode)
 {
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/btree.c b/fs/nilfs2/btree.c
index 76c38e3e19d2..b27a342c5af6 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/btree.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/btree.c
@@ -31,63 +31,16 @@
 #include "alloc.h"
 #include "dat.h"
 
-/**
- * struct nilfs_btree_path - A path on which B-tree operations are executed
- * @bp_bh: buffer head of node block
- * @bp_sib_bh: buffer head of sibling node block
- * @bp_index: index of child node
- * @bp_oldreq: ptr end request for old ptr
- * @bp_newreq: ptr alloc request for new ptr
- * @bp_op: rebalance operation
- */
-struct nilfs_btree_path {
-	struct buffer_head *bp_bh;
-	struct buffer_head *bp_sib_bh;
-	int bp_index;
-	union nilfs_bmap_ptr_req bp_oldreq;
-	union nilfs_bmap_ptr_req bp_newreq;
-	struct nilfs_btnode_chkey_ctxt bp_ctxt;
-	void (*bp_op)(struct nilfs_btree *, struct nilfs_btree_path *,
-		      int, __u64 *, __u64 *);
-};
-
-/*
- * B-tree path operations
- */
-
-static struct kmem_cache *nilfs_btree_path_cache;
-
-int __init nilfs_btree_path_cache_init(void)
-{
-	nilfs_btree_path_cache =
-		kmem_cache_create("nilfs2_btree_path_cache",
-				  sizeof(struct nilfs_btree_path) *
-				  NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_MAX, 0, 0, NULL);
-	return (nilfs_btree_path_cache != NULL) ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
-}
-
-void nilfs_btree_path_cache_destroy(void)
-{
-	kmem_cache_destroy(nilfs_btree_path_cache);
-}
-
-static inline struct nilfs_btree_path *nilfs_btree_alloc_path(void)
-{
-	return kmem_cache_alloc(nilfs_btree_path_cache, GFP_NOFS);
-}
-
-static inline void nilfs_btree_free_path(struct nilfs_btree_path *path)
+static struct nilfs_btree_path *nilfs_btree_alloc_path(void)
 {
-	kmem_cache_free(nilfs_btree_path_cache, path);
-}
+	struct nilfs_btree_path *path;
+	int level = NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_DATA;
 
-static void nilfs_btree_init_path(struct nilfs_btree_path *path)
-{
-	int level;
+	path = kmem_cache_alloc(nilfs_btree_path_cache, GFP_NOFS);
+	if (path == NULL)
+		goto out;
 
-	for (level = NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_DATA;
-	     level < NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_MAX;
-	     level++) {
+	for (; level < NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_MAX; level++) {
 		path[level].bp_bh = NULL;
 		path[level].bp_sib_bh = NULL;
 		path[level].bp_index = 0;
@@ -95,15 +48,19 @@ static void nilfs_btree_init_path(struct nilfs_btree_path *path)
 		path[level].bp_newreq.bpr_ptr = NILFS_BMAP_INVALID_PTR;
 		path[level].bp_op = NULL;
 	}
+
+out:
+	return path;
 }
 
-static void nilfs_btree_release_path(struct nilfs_btree_path *path)
+static void nilfs_btree_free_path(struct nilfs_btree_path *path)
 {
-	int level;
+	int level = NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_DATA;
 
-	for (level = NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_DATA; level < NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_MAX;
-	     level++)
+	for (; level < NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_MAX; level++)
 		brelse(path[level].bp_bh);
+
+	kmem_cache_free(nilfs_btree_path_cache, path);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -566,14 +523,12 @@ static int nilfs_btree_lookup(const struct nilfs_bmap *bmap,
 	path = nilfs_btree_alloc_path();
 	if (path == NULL)
 		return -ENOMEM;
-	nilfs_btree_init_path(path);
 
 	ret = nilfs_btree_do_lookup(btree, path, key, &ptr, level);
 
 	if (ptrp != NULL)
 		*ptrp = ptr;
 
-	nilfs_btree_release_path(path);
 	nilfs_btree_free_path(path);
 
 	return ret;
@@ -594,7 +549,7 @@ static int nilfs_btree_lookup_contig(const struct nilfs_bmap *bmap,
 	path = nilfs_btree_alloc_path();
 	if (path == NULL)
 		return -ENOMEM;
-	nilfs_btree_init_path(path);
+
 	ret = nilfs_btree_do_lookup(btree, path, key, &ptr, level);
 	if (ret < 0)
 		goto out;
@@ -655,7 +610,6 @@ static int nilfs_btree_lookup_contig(const struct nilfs_bmap *bmap,
 	*ptrp = ptr;
 	ret = cnt;
  out:
-	nilfs_btree_release_path(path);
 	nilfs_btree_free_path(path);
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -1123,7 +1077,6 @@ static int nilfs_btree_insert(struct nilfs_bmap *bmap, __u64 key, __u64 ptr)
 	path = nilfs_btree_alloc_path();
 	if (path == NULL)
 		return -ENOMEM;
-	nilfs_btree_init_path(path);
 
 	ret = nilfs_btree_do_lookup(btree, path, key, NULL,
 				    NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_NODE_MIN);
@@ -1140,7 +1093,6 @@ static int nilfs_btree_insert(struct nilfs_bmap *bmap, __u64 key, __u64 ptr)
 	nilfs_bmap_add_blocks(bmap, stats.bs_nblocks);
 
  out:
-	nilfs_btree_release_path(path);
 	nilfs_btree_free_path(path);
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -1456,7 +1408,7 @@ static int nilfs_btree_delete(struct nilfs_bmap *bmap, __u64 key)
 	path = nilfs_btree_alloc_path();
 	if (path == NULL)
 		return -ENOMEM;
-	nilfs_btree_init_path(path);
+
 	ret = nilfs_btree_do_lookup(btree, path, key, NULL,
 				    NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_NODE_MIN);
 	if (ret < 0)
@@ -1473,7 +1425,6 @@ static int nilfs_btree_delete(struct nilfs_bmap *bmap, __u64 key)
 	nilfs_bmap_sub_blocks(bmap, stats.bs_nblocks);
 
 out:
-	nilfs_btree_release_path(path);
 	nilfs_btree_free_path(path);
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -1488,11 +1439,9 @@ static int nilfs_btree_last_key(const struct nilfs_bmap *bmap, __u64 *keyp)
 	path = nilfs_btree_alloc_path();
 	if (path == NULL)
 		return -ENOMEM;
-	nilfs_btree_init_path(path);
 
 	ret = nilfs_btree_do_lookup_last(btree, path, keyp, NULL);
 
-	nilfs_btree_release_path(path);
 	nilfs_btree_free_path(path);
 
 	return ret;
@@ -1923,7 +1872,6 @@ static int nilfs_btree_propagate(const struct nilfs_bmap *bmap,
 	path = nilfs_btree_alloc_path();
 	if (path == NULL)
 		return -ENOMEM;
-	nilfs_btree_init_path(path);
 
 	if (buffer_nilfs_node(bh)) {
 		node = (struct nilfs_btree_node *)bh->b_data;
@@ -1947,7 +1895,6 @@ static int nilfs_btree_propagate(const struct nilfs_bmap *bmap,
 		nilfs_btree_propagate_p(btree, path, level, bh);
 
  out:
-	nilfs_btree_release_path(path);
 	nilfs_btree_free_path(path);
 
 	return ret;
@@ -2108,7 +2055,6 @@ static int nilfs_btree_assign(struct nilfs_bmap *bmap,
 	path = nilfs_btree_alloc_path();
 	if (path == NULL)
 		return -ENOMEM;
-	nilfs_btree_init_path(path);
 
 	if (buffer_nilfs_node(*bh)) {
 		node = (struct nilfs_btree_node *)(*bh)->b_data;
@@ -2130,7 +2076,6 @@ static int nilfs_btree_assign(struct nilfs_bmap *bmap,
 		nilfs_btree_assign_p(btree, path, level, bh, blocknr, binfo);
 
  out:
-	nilfs_btree_release_path(path);
 	nilfs_btree_free_path(path);
 
 	return ret;
@@ -2175,7 +2120,6 @@ static int nilfs_btree_mark(struct nilfs_bmap *bmap, __u64 key, int level)
 	path = nilfs_btree_alloc_path();
 	if (path == NULL)
 		return -ENOMEM;
-	nilfs_btree_init_path(path);
 
 	ret = nilfs_btree_do_lookup(btree, path, key, &ptr, level + 1);
 	if (ret < 0) {
@@ -2195,7 +2139,6 @@ static int nilfs_btree_mark(struct nilfs_bmap *bmap, __u64 key, int level)
 		nilfs_bmap_set_dirty(&btree->bt_bmap);
 
  out:
-	nilfs_btree_release_path(path);
 	nilfs_btree_free_path(path);
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/btree.h b/fs/nilfs2/btree.h
index 4b82d84ade75..af638d59e3bf 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/btree.h
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/btree.h
@@ -30,9 +30,6 @@
 #include "btnode.h"
 #include "bmap.h"
 
-struct nilfs_btree;
-struct nilfs_btree_path;
-
 /**
  * struct nilfs_btree - B-tree structure
  * @bt_bmap: bmap base structure
@@ -41,6 +38,25 @@ struct nilfs_btree {
 	struct nilfs_bmap bt_bmap;
 };
 
+/**
+ * struct nilfs_btree_path - A path on which B-tree operations are executed
+ * @bp_bh: buffer head of node block
+ * @bp_sib_bh: buffer head of sibling node block
+ * @bp_index: index of child node
+ * @bp_oldreq: ptr end request for old ptr
+ * @bp_newreq: ptr alloc request for new ptr
+ * @bp_op: rebalance operation
+ */
+struct nilfs_btree_path {
+	struct buffer_head *bp_bh;
+	struct buffer_head *bp_sib_bh;
+	int bp_index;
+	union nilfs_bmap_ptr_req bp_oldreq;
+	union nilfs_bmap_ptr_req bp_newreq;
+	struct nilfs_btnode_chkey_ctxt bp_ctxt;
+	void (*bp_op)(struct nilfs_btree *, struct nilfs_btree_path *,
+		      int, __u64 *, __u64 *);
+};
 
 #define NILFS_BTREE_ROOT_SIZE		NILFS_BMAP_SIZE
 #define NILFS_BTREE_ROOT_NCHILDREN_MAX					\
@@ -57,6 +73,7 @@ struct nilfs_btree {
 #define NILFS_BTREE_KEY_MIN	((__u64)0)
 #define NILFS_BTREE_KEY_MAX	(~(__u64)0)
 
+extern struct kmem_cache *nilfs_btree_path_cache;
 
 int nilfs_btree_path_cache_init(void);
 void nilfs_btree_path_cache_destroy(void);
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/inode.c b/fs/nilfs2/inode.c
index 0957b58f909d..5e226d4b41d3 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/inode.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/inode.c
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ static int __nilfs_read_inode(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long ino,
 		inode->i_op = &nilfs_special_inode_operations;
 		init_special_inode(
 			inode, inode->i_mode,
-			new_decode_dev(le64_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_device_code)));
+			huge_decode_dev(le64_to_cpu(raw_inode->i_device_code)));
 	}
 	nilfs_ifile_unmap_inode(sbi->s_ifile, ino, bh);
 	brelse(bh);
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ void nilfs_write_inode_common(struct inode *inode,
 		nilfs_bmap_write(ii->i_bmap, raw_inode);
 	else if (S_ISCHR(inode->i_mode) || S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode))
 		raw_inode->i_device_code =
-			cpu_to_le64(new_encode_dev(inode->i_rdev));
+			cpu_to_le64(huge_encode_dev(inode->i_rdev));
 	/* When extending inode, nilfs->ns_inode_size should be checked
 	   for substitutions of appended fields */
 }
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/recovery.c b/fs/nilfs2/recovery.c
index ba43146f3c30..bae2a516b4ee 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/recovery.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/recovery.c
@@ -105,6 +105,8 @@ static void store_segsum_info(struct nilfs_segsum_info *ssi,
 
 	ssi->nsumblk = DIV_ROUND_UP(ssi->sumbytes, blocksize);
 	ssi->nfileblk = ssi->nblocks - ssi->nsumblk - !!NILFS_SEG_HAS_SR(ssi);
+
+	/* need to verify ->ss_bytes field if read ->ss_cno */
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/segbuf.c b/fs/nilfs2/segbuf.c
index 17851f77f739..2e6a2723b8fa 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/segbuf.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/segbuf.c
@@ -40,35 +40,10 @@ struct nilfs_write_info {
 	sector_t		blocknr;
 };
 
-
 static int nilfs_segbuf_write(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf,
 			      struct the_nilfs *nilfs);
 static int nilfs_segbuf_wait(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf);
 
-
-static struct kmem_cache *nilfs_segbuf_cachep;
-
-static void nilfs_segbuf_init_once(void *obj)
-{
-	memset(obj, 0, sizeof(struct nilfs_segment_buffer));
-}
-
-int __init nilfs_init_segbuf_cache(void)
-{
-	nilfs_segbuf_cachep =
-		kmem_cache_create("nilfs2_segbuf_cache",
-				  sizeof(struct nilfs_segment_buffer),
-				  0, SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT,
-				  nilfs_segbuf_init_once);
-
-	return (nilfs_segbuf_cachep == NULL) ? -ENOMEM : 0;
-}
-
-void nilfs_destroy_segbuf_cache(void)
-{
-	kmem_cache_destroy(nilfs_segbuf_cachep);
-}
-
 struct nilfs_segment_buffer *nilfs_segbuf_new(struct super_block *sb)
 {
 	struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf;
@@ -81,6 +56,7 @@ struct nilfs_segment_buffer *nilfs_segbuf_new(struct super_block *sb)
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&segbuf->sb_list);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&segbuf->sb_segsum_buffers);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&segbuf->sb_payload_buffers);
+	segbuf->sb_super_root = NULL;
 
 	init_completion(&segbuf->sb_bio_event);
 	atomic_set(&segbuf->sb_err, 0);
@@ -158,7 +134,7 @@ int nilfs_segbuf_extend_payload(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf,
 }
 
 int nilfs_segbuf_reset(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf, unsigned flags,
-		       time_t ctime)
+		       time_t ctime, __u64 cno)
 {
 	int err;
 
@@ -171,6 +147,7 @@ int nilfs_segbuf_reset(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf, unsigned flags,
 	segbuf->sb_sum.sumbytes = sizeof(struct nilfs_segment_summary);
 	segbuf->sb_sum.nfinfo = segbuf->sb_sum.nfileblk = 0;
 	segbuf->sb_sum.ctime = ctime;
+	segbuf->sb_sum.cno = cno;
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -196,13 +173,14 @@ void nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_segsum(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf)
 	raw_sum->ss_nfinfo   = cpu_to_le32(segbuf->sb_sum.nfinfo);
 	raw_sum->ss_sumbytes = cpu_to_le32(segbuf->sb_sum.sumbytes);
 	raw_sum->ss_pad      = 0;
+	raw_sum->ss_cno      = cpu_to_le64(segbuf->sb_sum.cno);
 }
 
 /*
  * CRC calculation routines
  */
-void nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_segsum_crc(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf,
-				     u32 seed)
+static void
+nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_segsum_crc(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf, u32 seed)
 {
 	struct buffer_head *bh;
 	struct nilfs_segment_summary *raw_sum;
@@ -229,8 +207,8 @@ void nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_segsum_crc(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf,
 	raw_sum->ss_sumsum = cpu_to_le32(crc);
 }
 
-void nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_data_crc(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf,
-				   u32 seed)
+static void nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_data_crc(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf,
+					  u32 seed)
 {
 	struct buffer_head *bh;
 	struct nilfs_segment_summary *raw_sum;
@@ -256,6 +234,20 @@ void nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_data_crc(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf,
 	raw_sum->ss_datasum = cpu_to_le32(crc);
 }
 
+static void
+nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_super_root_crc(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf,
+				    u32 seed)
+{
+	struct nilfs_super_root *raw_sr;
+	u32 crc;
+
+	raw_sr = (struct nilfs_super_root *)segbuf->sb_super_root->b_data;
+	crc = crc32_le(seed,
+		       (unsigned char *)raw_sr + sizeof(raw_sr->sr_sum),
+		       NILFS_SR_BYTES - sizeof(raw_sr->sr_sum));
+	raw_sr->sr_sum = cpu_to_le32(crc);
+}
+
 static void nilfs_release_buffers(struct list_head *list)
 {
 	struct buffer_head *bh, *n;
@@ -282,6 +274,7 @@ static void nilfs_segbuf_clear(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf)
 {
 	nilfs_release_buffers(&segbuf->sb_segsum_buffers);
 	nilfs_release_buffers(&segbuf->sb_payload_buffers);
+	segbuf->sb_super_root = NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -334,6 +327,23 @@ int nilfs_wait_on_logs(struct list_head *logs)
 	return ret;
 }
 
+/**
+ * nilfs_add_checksums_on_logs - add checksums on the logs
+ * @logs: list of segment buffers storing target logs
+ * @seed: checksum seed value
+ */
+void nilfs_add_checksums_on_logs(struct list_head *logs, u32 seed)
+{
+	struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf;
+
+	list_for_each_entry(segbuf, logs, sb_list) {
+		if (segbuf->sb_super_root)
+			nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_super_root_crc(segbuf, seed);
+		nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_segsum_crc(segbuf, seed);
+		nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_data_crc(segbuf, seed);
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * BIO operations
  */
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/segbuf.h b/fs/nilfs2/segbuf.h
index 94dfd3517bc0..fdf1c3b6d673 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/segbuf.h
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/segbuf.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
  * @sumbytes: Byte count of segment summary
  * @nfileblk: Total number of file blocks
  * @seg_seq: Segment sequence number
+ * @cno: Checkpoint number
  * @ctime: Creation time
  * @next: Block number of the next full segment
  */
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ struct nilfs_segsum_info {
 	unsigned long		sumbytes;
 	unsigned long		nfileblk;
 	u64			seg_seq;
+	__u64			cno;
 	time_t			ctime;
 	sector_t		next;
 };
@@ -76,6 +78,7 @@ struct nilfs_segsum_info {
  * @sb_rest_blocks: Number of residual blocks in the current segment
  * @sb_segsum_buffers: List of buffers for segment summaries
  * @sb_payload_buffers: List of buffers for segment payload
+ * @sb_super_root: Pointer to buffer storing a super root block (if exists)
  * @sb_nbio: Number of flying bio requests
  * @sb_err: I/O error status
  * @sb_bio_event: Completion event of log writing
@@ -95,6 +98,7 @@ struct nilfs_segment_buffer {
 	/* Buffers */
 	struct list_head	sb_segsum_buffers;
 	struct list_head	sb_payload_buffers; /* including super root */
+	struct buffer_head     *sb_super_root;
 
 	/* io status */
 	int			sb_nbio;
@@ -121,6 +125,7 @@ struct nilfs_segment_buffer {
 		    b_assoc_buffers))
 #define NILFS_SEGBUF_BH_IS_LAST(bh, head)  ((bh)->b_assoc_buffers.next == head)
 
+extern struct kmem_cache *nilfs_segbuf_cachep;
 
 int __init nilfs_init_segbuf_cache(void);
 void nilfs_destroy_segbuf_cache(void);
@@ -132,13 +137,11 @@ void nilfs_segbuf_map_cont(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf,
 			   struct nilfs_segment_buffer *prev);
 void nilfs_segbuf_set_next_segnum(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *, __u64,
 				  struct the_nilfs *);
-int nilfs_segbuf_reset(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *, unsigned, time_t);
+int nilfs_segbuf_reset(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *, unsigned, time_t, __u64);
 int nilfs_segbuf_extend_segsum(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *);
 int nilfs_segbuf_extend_payload(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *,
 				struct buffer_head **);
 void nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_segsum(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *);
-void nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_segsum_crc(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *, u32);
-void nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_data_crc(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *, u32);
 
 static inline void
 nilfs_segbuf_add_segsum_buffer(struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf,
@@ -171,6 +174,7 @@ void nilfs_truncate_logs(struct list_head *logs,
 			 struct nilfs_segment_buffer *last);
 int nilfs_write_logs(struct list_head *logs, struct the_nilfs *nilfs);
 int nilfs_wait_on_logs(struct list_head *logs);
+void nilfs_add_checksums_on_logs(struct list_head *logs, u32 seed);
 
 static inline void nilfs_destroy_logs(struct list_head *logs)
 {
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/segment.c b/fs/nilfs2/segment.c
index 6a7dbd8451db..c9201649cc49 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/segment.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/segment.c
@@ -116,42 +116,6 @@ static void nilfs_dispose_list(struct nilfs_sb_info *, struct list_head *,
 #define nilfs_cnt32_lt(a, b)  nilfs_cnt32_gt(b, a)
 #define nilfs_cnt32_le(a, b)  nilfs_cnt32_ge(b, a)
 
-/*
- * Transaction
- */
-static struct kmem_cache *nilfs_transaction_cachep;
-
-/**
- * nilfs_init_transaction_cache - create a cache for nilfs_transaction_info
- *
- * nilfs_init_transaction_cache() creates a slab cache for the struct
- * nilfs_transaction_info.
- *
- * Return Value: On success, it returns 0. On error, one of the following
- * negative error code is returned.
- *
- * %-ENOMEM - Insufficient memory available.
- */
-int nilfs_init_transaction_cache(void)
-{
-	nilfs_transaction_cachep =
-		kmem_cache_create("nilfs2_transaction_cache",
-				  sizeof(struct nilfs_transaction_info),
-				  0, SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT, NULL);
-	return (nilfs_transaction_cachep == NULL) ? -ENOMEM : 0;
-}
-
-/**
- * nilfs_destroy_transaction_cache - destroy the cache for transaction info
- *
- * nilfs_destroy_transaction_cache() frees the slab cache for the struct
- * nilfs_transaction_info.
- */
-void nilfs_destroy_transaction_cache(void)
-{
-	kmem_cache_destroy(nilfs_transaction_cachep);
-}
-
 static int nilfs_prepare_segment_lock(struct nilfs_transaction_info *ti)
 {
 	struct nilfs_transaction_info *cur_ti = current->journal_info;
@@ -402,7 +366,8 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_reset_segment_buffer(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci)
 
 	if (nilfs_doing_gc())
 		flags = NILFS_SS_GC;
-	err = nilfs_segbuf_reset(segbuf, flags, sci->sc_seg_ctime);
+	err = nilfs_segbuf_reset(segbuf, flags, sci->sc_seg_ctime,
+				 sci->sc_sbi->s_nilfs->ns_cno);
 	if (unlikely(err))
 		return err;
 
@@ -435,7 +400,7 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_add_super_root(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci)
 			return err;
 		segbuf = sci->sc_curseg;
 	}
-	err = nilfs_segbuf_extend_payload(segbuf, &sci->sc_super_root);
+	err = nilfs_segbuf_extend_payload(segbuf, &segbuf->sb_super_root);
 	if (likely(!err))
 		segbuf->sb_sum.flags |= NILFS_SS_SR;
 	return err;
@@ -599,7 +564,7 @@ static void nilfs_write_file_node_binfo(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
 	*vblocknr = binfo->bi_v.bi_vblocknr;
 }
 
-struct nilfs_sc_operations nilfs_sc_file_ops = {
+static struct nilfs_sc_operations nilfs_sc_file_ops = {
 	.collect_data = nilfs_collect_file_data,
 	.collect_node = nilfs_collect_file_node,
 	.collect_bmap = nilfs_collect_file_bmap,
@@ -649,7 +614,7 @@ static void nilfs_write_dat_node_binfo(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
 	*binfo_dat = binfo->bi_dat;
 }
 
-struct nilfs_sc_operations nilfs_sc_dat_ops = {
+static struct nilfs_sc_operations nilfs_sc_dat_ops = {
 	.collect_data = nilfs_collect_dat_data,
 	.collect_node = nilfs_collect_file_node,
 	.collect_bmap = nilfs_collect_dat_bmap,
@@ -657,7 +622,7 @@ struct nilfs_sc_operations nilfs_sc_dat_ops = {
 	.write_node_binfo = nilfs_write_dat_node_binfo,
 };
 
-struct nilfs_sc_operations nilfs_sc_dsync_ops = {
+static struct nilfs_sc_operations nilfs_sc_dsync_ops = {
 	.collect_data = nilfs_collect_file_data,
 	.collect_node = NULL,
 	.collect_bmap = NULL,
@@ -932,43 +897,16 @@ static void nilfs_segctor_fill_in_file_bmap(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
 	}
 }
 
-/*
- * CRC calculation routines
- */
-static void nilfs_fill_in_super_root_crc(struct buffer_head *bh_sr, u32 seed)
-{
-	struct nilfs_super_root *raw_sr =
-		(struct nilfs_super_root *)bh_sr->b_data;
-	u32 crc;
-
-	crc = crc32_le(seed,
-		       (unsigned char *)raw_sr + sizeof(raw_sr->sr_sum),
-		       NILFS_SR_BYTES - sizeof(raw_sr->sr_sum));
-	raw_sr->sr_sum = cpu_to_le32(crc);
-}
-
-static void nilfs_segctor_fill_in_checksums(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
-					    u32 seed)
-{
-	struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf;
-
-	if (sci->sc_super_root)
-		nilfs_fill_in_super_root_crc(sci->sc_super_root, seed);
-
-	list_for_each_entry(segbuf, &sci->sc_segbufs, sb_list) {
-		nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_segsum_crc(segbuf, seed);
-		nilfs_segbuf_fill_in_data_crc(segbuf, seed);
-	}
-}
-
 static void nilfs_segctor_fill_in_super_root(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
 					     struct the_nilfs *nilfs)
 {
-	struct buffer_head *bh_sr = sci->sc_super_root;
-	struct nilfs_super_root *raw_sr =
-		(struct nilfs_super_root *)bh_sr->b_data;
+	struct buffer_head *bh_sr;
+	struct nilfs_super_root *raw_sr;
 	unsigned isz = nilfs->ns_inode_size;
 
+	bh_sr = NILFS_LAST_SEGBUF(&sci->sc_segbufs)->sb_super_root;
+	raw_sr = (struct nilfs_super_root *)bh_sr->b_data;
+
 	raw_sr->sr_bytes = cpu_to_le16(NILFS_SR_BYTES);
 	raw_sr->sr_nongc_ctime
 		= cpu_to_le64(nilfs_doing_gc() ?
@@ -1491,7 +1429,6 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_collect(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
 
 	/* Collection retry loop */
 	for (;;) {
-		sci->sc_super_root = NULL;
 		sci->sc_nblk_this_inc = 0;
 		sci->sc_curseg = NILFS_FIRST_SEGBUF(&sci->sc_segbufs);
 
@@ -1568,7 +1505,7 @@ nilfs_segctor_update_payload_blocknr(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
 	ssp.offset = sizeof(struct nilfs_segment_summary);
 
 	list_for_each_entry(bh, &segbuf->sb_payload_buffers, b_assoc_buffers) {
-		if (bh == sci->sc_super_root)
+		if (bh == segbuf->sb_super_root)
 			break;
 		if (!finfo) {
 			finfo =	nilfs_segctor_map_segsum_entry(
@@ -1729,7 +1666,7 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_prepare_write(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
 
 		list_for_each_entry(bh, &segbuf->sb_payload_buffers,
 				    b_assoc_buffers) {
-			if (bh == sci->sc_super_root) {
+			if (bh == segbuf->sb_super_root) {
 				if (bh->b_page != bd_page) {
 					lock_page(bd_page);
 					clear_page_dirty_for_io(bd_page);
@@ -1848,7 +1785,7 @@ static void nilfs_clear_copied_buffers(struct list_head *list, int err)
 }
 
 static void nilfs_abort_logs(struct list_head *logs, struct page *failed_page,
-			     struct buffer_head *bh_sr, int err)
+			     int err)
 {
 	struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf;
 	struct page *bd_page = NULL, *fs_page = NULL;
@@ -1869,7 +1806,7 @@ static void nilfs_abort_logs(struct list_head *logs, struct page *failed_page,
 
 		list_for_each_entry(bh, &segbuf->sb_payload_buffers,
 				    b_assoc_buffers) {
-			if (bh == bh_sr) {
+			if (bh == segbuf->sb_super_root) {
 				if (bh->b_page != bd_page) {
 					end_page_writeback(bd_page);
 					bd_page = bh->b_page;
@@ -1898,7 +1835,7 @@ static void nilfs_segctor_abort_construction(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
 
 	list_splice_tail_init(&sci->sc_write_logs, &logs);
 	ret = nilfs_wait_on_logs(&logs);
-	nilfs_abort_logs(&logs, NULL, sci->sc_super_root, ret ? : err);
+	nilfs_abort_logs(&logs, NULL, ret ? : err);
 
 	list_splice_tail_init(&sci->sc_segbufs, &logs);
 	nilfs_cancel_segusage(&logs, nilfs->ns_sufile);
@@ -1914,7 +1851,6 @@ static void nilfs_segctor_abort_construction(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci,
 	}
 
 	nilfs_destroy_logs(&logs);
-	sci->sc_super_root = NULL;
 }
 
 static void nilfs_set_next_segment(struct the_nilfs *nilfs,
@@ -1933,7 +1869,7 @@ static void nilfs_segctor_complete_write(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci)
 	struct nilfs_segment_buffer *segbuf;
 	struct page *bd_page = NULL, *fs_page = NULL;
 	struct the_nilfs *nilfs = sci->sc_sbi->s_nilfs;
-	int update_sr = (sci->sc_super_root != NULL);
+	int update_sr = false;
 
 	list_for_each_entry(segbuf, &sci->sc_write_logs, sb_list) {
 		struct buffer_head *bh;
@@ -1964,11 +1900,12 @@ static void nilfs_segctor_complete_write(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci)
 			set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
 			clear_buffer_dirty(bh);
 			clear_buffer_nilfs_volatile(bh);
-			if (bh == sci->sc_super_root) {
+			if (bh == segbuf->sb_super_root) {
 				if (bh->b_page != bd_page) {
 					end_page_writeback(bd_page);
 					bd_page = bh->b_page;
 				}
+				update_sr = true;
 				break;
 			}
 			if (bh->b_page != fs_page) {
@@ -2115,7 +2052,7 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_do_construct(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci, int mode)
 	struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi = sci->sc_sbi;
 	struct the_nilfs *nilfs = sbi->s_nilfs;
 	struct page *failed_page;
-	int err, has_sr = 0;
+	int err;
 
 	sci->sc_stage.scnt = NILFS_ST_INIT;
 
@@ -2143,8 +2080,6 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_do_construct(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci, int mode)
 		if (unlikely(err))
 			goto failed;
 
-		has_sr = (sci->sc_super_root != NULL);
-
 		/* Avoid empty segment */
 		if (sci->sc_stage.scnt == NILFS_ST_DONE &&
 		    NILFS_SEG_EMPTY(&sci->sc_curseg->sb_sum)) {
@@ -2159,7 +2094,8 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_do_construct(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci, int mode)
 		if (sci->sc_stage.flags & NILFS_CF_IFILE_STARTED)
 			nilfs_segctor_fill_in_file_bmap(sci, sbi->s_ifile);
 
-		if (has_sr) {
+		if (mode == SC_LSEG_SR &&
+		    sci->sc_stage.scnt >= NILFS_ST_CPFILE) {
 			err = nilfs_segctor_fill_in_checkpoint(sci);
 			if (unlikely(err))
 				goto failed_to_write;
@@ -2171,11 +2107,12 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_do_construct(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci, int mode)
 		/* Write partial segments */
 		err = nilfs_segctor_prepare_write(sci, &failed_page);
 		if (err) {
-			nilfs_abort_logs(&sci->sc_segbufs, failed_page,
-					 sci->sc_super_root, err);
+			nilfs_abort_logs(&sci->sc_segbufs, failed_page, err);
 			goto failed_to_write;
 		}
-		nilfs_segctor_fill_in_checksums(sci, nilfs->ns_crc_seed);
+
+		nilfs_add_checksums_on_logs(&sci->sc_segbufs,
+					    nilfs->ns_crc_seed);
 
 		err = nilfs_segctor_write(sci, nilfs);
 		if (unlikely(err))
@@ -2196,8 +2133,6 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_do_construct(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci, int mode)
 		}
 	} while (sci->sc_stage.scnt != NILFS_ST_DONE);
 
-	sci->sc_super_root = NULL;
-
  out:
 	nilfs_segctor_check_out_files(sci, sbi);
 	return err;
@@ -2224,9 +2159,9 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_do_construct(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci, int mode)
 static void nilfs_segctor_start_timer(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci)
 {
 	spin_lock(&sci->sc_state_lock);
-	if (sci->sc_timer && !(sci->sc_state & NILFS_SEGCTOR_COMMIT)) {
-		sci->sc_timer->expires = jiffies + sci->sc_interval;
-		add_timer(sci->sc_timer);
+	if (!(sci->sc_state & NILFS_SEGCTOR_COMMIT)) {
+		sci->sc_timer.expires = jiffies + sci->sc_interval;
+		add_timer(&sci->sc_timer);
 		sci->sc_state |= NILFS_SEGCTOR_COMMIT;
 	}
 	spin_unlock(&sci->sc_state_lock);
@@ -2431,9 +2366,7 @@ static void nilfs_segctor_accept(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci)
 	spin_lock(&sci->sc_state_lock);
 	sci->sc_seq_accepted = sci->sc_seq_request;
 	spin_unlock(&sci->sc_state_lock);
-
-	if (sci->sc_timer)
-		del_timer_sync(sci->sc_timer);
+	del_timer_sync(&sci->sc_timer);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -2459,9 +2392,9 @@ static void nilfs_segctor_notify(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci, int mode, int err)
 			sci->sc_flush_request &= ~FLUSH_DAT_BIT;
 
 		/* re-enable timer if checkpoint creation was not done */
-		if (sci->sc_timer && (sci->sc_state & NILFS_SEGCTOR_COMMIT) &&
-		    time_before(jiffies, sci->sc_timer->expires))
-			add_timer(sci->sc_timer);
+		if ((sci->sc_state & NILFS_SEGCTOR_COMMIT) &&
+		    time_before(jiffies, sci->sc_timer.expires))
+			add_timer(&sci->sc_timer);
 	}
 	spin_unlock(&sci->sc_state_lock);
 }
@@ -2640,13 +2573,10 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_thread(void *arg)
 {
 	struct nilfs_sc_info *sci = (struct nilfs_sc_info *)arg;
 	struct the_nilfs *nilfs = sci->sc_sbi->s_nilfs;
-	struct timer_list timer;
 	int timeout = 0;
 
-	init_timer(&timer);
-	timer.data = (unsigned long)current;
-	timer.function = nilfs_construction_timeout;
-	sci->sc_timer = &timer;
+	sci->sc_timer.data = (unsigned long)current;
+	sci->sc_timer.function = nilfs_construction_timeout;
 
 	/* start sync. */
 	sci->sc_task = current;
@@ -2695,7 +2625,7 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_thread(void *arg)
 			should_sleep = 0;
 		else if (sci->sc_state & NILFS_SEGCTOR_COMMIT)
 			should_sleep = time_before(jiffies,
-						   sci->sc_timer->expires);
+					sci->sc_timer.expires);
 
 		if (should_sleep) {
 			spin_unlock(&sci->sc_state_lock);
@@ -2704,7 +2634,7 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_thread(void *arg)
 		}
 		finish_wait(&sci->sc_wait_daemon, &wait);
 		timeout = ((sci->sc_state & NILFS_SEGCTOR_COMMIT) &&
-			   time_after_eq(jiffies, sci->sc_timer->expires));
+			   time_after_eq(jiffies, sci->sc_timer.expires));
 
 		if (nilfs_sb_dirty(nilfs) && nilfs_sb_need_update(nilfs))
 			set_nilfs_discontinued(nilfs);
@@ -2713,8 +2643,6 @@ static int nilfs_segctor_thread(void *arg)
 
  end_thread:
 	spin_unlock(&sci->sc_state_lock);
-	del_timer_sync(sci->sc_timer);
-	sci->sc_timer = NULL;
 
 	/* end sync. */
 	sci->sc_task = NULL;
@@ -2750,13 +2678,6 @@ static void nilfs_segctor_kill_thread(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci)
 	}
 }
 
-static int nilfs_segctor_init(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci)
-{
-	sci->sc_seq_done = sci->sc_seq_request;
-
-	return nilfs_segctor_start_thread(sci);
-}
-
 /*
  * Setup & clean-up functions
  */
@@ -2780,6 +2701,7 @@ static struct nilfs_sc_info *nilfs_segctor_new(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi)
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&sci->sc_write_logs);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&sci->sc_gc_inodes);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&sci->sc_copied_buffers);
+	init_timer(&sci->sc_timer);
 
 	sci->sc_interval = HZ * NILFS_SC_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT;
 	sci->sc_mjcp_freq = HZ * NILFS_SC_DEFAULT_SR_FREQ;
@@ -2846,6 +2768,7 @@ static void nilfs_segctor_destroy(struct nilfs_sc_info *sci)
 
 	down_write(&sbi->s_nilfs->ns_segctor_sem);
 
+	del_timer_sync(&sci->sc_timer);
 	kfree(sci);
 }
 
@@ -2880,7 +2803,7 @@ int nilfs_attach_segment_constructor(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
 	nilfs_attach_writer(nilfs, sbi);
-	err = nilfs_segctor_init(NILFS_SC(sbi));
+	err = nilfs_segctor_start_thread(NILFS_SC(sbi));
 	if (err) {
 		nilfs_detach_writer(nilfs, sbi);
 		kfree(sbi->s_sc_info);
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/segment.h b/fs/nilfs2/segment.h
index 82dfd6a686b9..dca142361ccf 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/segment.h
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/segment.h
@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ struct nilfs_segsum_pointer {
  * @sc_write_logs: List of segment buffers to hold logs under writing
  * @sc_segbuf_nblocks: Number of available blocks in segment buffers.
  * @sc_curseg: Current segment buffer
- * @sc_super_root: Pointer to the super root buffer
  * @sc_stage: Collection stage
  * @sc_finfo_ptr: pointer to the current finfo struct in the segment summary
  * @sc_binfo_ptr: pointer to the current binfo struct in the segment summary
@@ -148,7 +147,6 @@ struct nilfs_sc_info {
 	struct list_head	sc_write_logs;
 	unsigned long		sc_segbuf_nblocks;
 	struct nilfs_segment_buffer *sc_curseg;
-	struct buffer_head     *sc_super_root;
 
 	struct nilfs_cstage	sc_stage;
 
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@ struct nilfs_sc_info {
 	unsigned long		sc_lseg_stime;	/* in 1/HZ seconds */
 	unsigned long		sc_watermark;
 
-	struct timer_list      *sc_timer;
+	struct timer_list	sc_timer;
 	struct task_struct     *sc_task;
 };
 
@@ -219,6 +217,8 @@ enum {
  */
 #define NILFS_SC_DEFAULT_WATERMARK  3600
 
+/* super.c */
+extern struct kmem_cache *nilfs_transaction_cachep;
 
 /* segment.c */
 extern int nilfs_init_transaction_cache(void);
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/super.c b/fs/nilfs2/super.c
index 48145f505a6a..03b34b738993 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/super.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/super.c
@@ -67,6 +67,11 @@ MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A New Implementation of the Log-structured Filesystem "
 		   "(NILFS)");
 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
 
+struct kmem_cache *nilfs_inode_cachep;
+struct kmem_cache *nilfs_transaction_cachep;
+struct kmem_cache *nilfs_segbuf_cachep;
+struct kmem_cache *nilfs_btree_path_cache;
+
 static int nilfs_remount(struct super_block *sb, int *flags, char *data);
 
 /**
@@ -129,7 +134,6 @@ void nilfs_warning(struct super_block *sb, const char *function,
 	va_end(args);
 }
 
-static struct kmem_cache *nilfs_inode_cachep;
 
 struct inode *nilfs_alloc_inode_common(struct the_nilfs *nilfs)
 {
@@ -155,34 +159,6 @@ void nilfs_destroy_inode(struct inode *inode)
 	kmem_cache_free(nilfs_inode_cachep, NILFS_I(inode));
 }
 
-static void init_once(void *obj)
-{
-	struct nilfs_inode_info *ii = obj;
-
-	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ii->i_dirty);
-#ifdef CONFIG_NILFS_XATTR
-	init_rwsem(&ii->xattr_sem);
-#endif
-	nilfs_btnode_cache_init_once(&ii->i_btnode_cache);
-	ii->i_bmap = (struct nilfs_bmap *)&ii->i_bmap_union;
-	inode_init_once(&ii->vfs_inode);
-}
-
-static int nilfs_init_inode_cache(void)
-{
-	nilfs_inode_cachep = kmem_cache_create("nilfs2_inode_cache",
-					       sizeof(struct nilfs_inode_info),
-					       0, SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT,
-					       init_once);
-
-	return (nilfs_inode_cachep == NULL) ? -ENOMEM : 0;
-}
-
-static inline void nilfs_destroy_inode_cache(void)
-{
-	kmem_cache_destroy(nilfs_inode_cachep);
-}
-
 static void nilfs_clear_inode(struct inode *inode)
 {
 	struct nilfs_inode_info *ii = NILFS_I(inode);
@@ -266,8 +242,8 @@ int nilfs_commit_super(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi, int dupsb)
 	int err;
 
 	/* nilfs->sem must be locked by the caller. */
-	if (sbp[0]->s_magic != NILFS_SUPER_MAGIC) {
-		if (sbp[1] && sbp[1]->s_magic == NILFS_SUPER_MAGIC)
+	if (sbp[0]->s_magic != cpu_to_le16(NILFS_SUPER_MAGIC)) {
+		if (sbp[1] && sbp[1]->s_magic == cpu_to_le16(NILFS_SUPER_MAGIC))
 			nilfs_swap_super_block(nilfs);
 		else {
 			printk(KERN_CRIT "NILFS: superblock broke on dev %s\n",
@@ -470,10 +446,10 @@ static int nilfs_show_options(struct seq_file *seq, struct vfsmount *vfs)
 	if (nilfs_test_opt(sbi, SNAPSHOT))
 		seq_printf(seq, ",cp=%llu",
 			   (unsigned long long int)sbi->s_snapshot_cno);
-	if (nilfs_test_opt(sbi, ERRORS_RO))
-		seq_printf(seq, ",errors=remount-ro");
 	if (nilfs_test_opt(sbi, ERRORS_PANIC))
 		seq_printf(seq, ",errors=panic");
+	if (nilfs_test_opt(sbi, ERRORS_CONT))
+		seq_printf(seq, ",errors=continue");
 	if (nilfs_test_opt(sbi, STRICT_ORDER))
 		seq_printf(seq, ",order=strict");
 	if (nilfs_test_opt(sbi, NORECOVERY))
@@ -631,7 +607,7 @@ nilfs_set_default_options(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi,
 			  struct nilfs_super_block *sbp)
 {
 	sbi->s_mount_opt =
-		NILFS_MOUNT_ERRORS_CONT | NILFS_MOUNT_BARRIER;
+		NILFS_MOUNT_ERRORS_RO | NILFS_MOUNT_BARRIER;
 }
 
 static int nilfs_setup_super(struct nilfs_sb_info *sbi)
@@ -778,9 +754,7 @@ nilfs_fill_super(struct super_block *sb, void *data, int silent,
 				goto failed_sbi;
 			}
 			cno = sbi->s_snapshot_cno;
-		} else
-			/* Read-only mount */
-			sbi->s_snapshot_cno = cno;
+		}
 	}
 
 	err = nilfs_attach_checkpoint(sbi, cno);
@@ -849,7 +823,7 @@ static int nilfs_remount(struct super_block *sb, int *flags, char *data)
 	struct the_nilfs *nilfs = sbi->s_nilfs;
 	unsigned long old_sb_flags;
 	struct nilfs_mount_options old_opts;
-	int err;
+	int was_snapshot, err;
 
 	lock_kernel();
 
@@ -857,6 +831,7 @@ static int nilfs_remount(struct super_block *sb, int *flags, char *data)
 	old_sb_flags = sb->s_flags;
 	old_opts.mount_opt = sbi->s_mount_opt;
 	old_opts.snapshot_cno = sbi->s_snapshot_cno;
+	was_snapshot = nilfs_test_opt(sbi, SNAPSHOT);
 
 	if (!parse_options(data, sb)) {
 		err = -EINVAL;
@@ -864,20 +839,32 @@ static int nilfs_remount(struct super_block *sb, int *flags, char *data)
 	}
 	sb->s_flags = (sb->s_flags & ~MS_POSIXACL);
 
-	if ((*flags & MS_RDONLY) &&
-	    sbi->s_snapshot_cno != old_opts.snapshot_cno) {
-		printk(KERN_WARNING "NILFS (device %s): couldn't "
-		       "remount to a different snapshot.\n",
-		       sb->s_id);
-		err = -EINVAL;
-		goto restore_opts;
+	err = -EINVAL;
+	if (was_snapshot) {
+		if (!(*flags & MS_RDONLY)) {
+			printk(KERN_ERR "NILFS (device %s): cannot remount "
+			       "snapshot read/write.\n",
+			       sb->s_id);
+			goto restore_opts;
+		} else if (sbi->s_snapshot_cno != old_opts.snapshot_cno) {
+			printk(KERN_ERR "NILFS (device %s): cannot "
+			       "remount to a different snapshot.\n",
+			       sb->s_id);
+			goto restore_opts;
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (nilfs_test_opt(sbi, SNAPSHOT)) {
+			printk(KERN_ERR "NILFS (device %s): cannot change "
+			       "a regular mount to a snapshot.\n",
+			       sb->s_id);
+			goto restore_opts;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (!nilfs_valid_fs(nilfs)) {
 		printk(KERN_WARNING "NILFS (device %s): couldn't "
 		       "remount because the filesystem is in an "
 		       "incomplete recovery state.\n", sb->s_id);
-		err = -EINVAL;
 		goto restore_opts;
 	}
 
@@ -888,9 +875,6 @@ static int nilfs_remount(struct super_block *sb, int *flags, char *data)
 		nilfs_detach_segment_constructor(sbi);
 		sb->s_flags |= MS_RDONLY;
 
-		sbi->s_snapshot_cno = nilfs_last_cno(nilfs);
-		/* nilfs_set_opt(sbi, SNAPSHOT); */
-
 		/*
 		 * Remounting a valid RW partition RDONLY, so set
 		 * the RDONLY flag and then mark the partition as valid again.
@@ -909,24 +893,7 @@ static int nilfs_remount(struct super_block *sb, int *flags, char *data)
 		 * store the current valid flag.  (It may have been changed
 		 * by fsck since we originally mounted the partition.)
 		 */
-		if (nilfs->ns_current && nilfs->ns_current != sbi) {
-			printk(KERN_WARNING "NILFS (device %s): couldn't "
-			       "remount because an RW-mount exists.\n",
-			       sb->s_id);
-			err = -EBUSY;
-			goto restore_opts;
-		}
-		if (sbi->s_snapshot_cno != nilfs_last_cno(nilfs)) {
-			printk(KERN_WARNING "NILFS (device %s): couldn't "
-			       "remount because the current RO-mount is not "
-			       "the latest one.\n",
-			       sb->s_id);
-			err = -EINVAL;
-			goto restore_opts;
-		}
 		sb->s_flags &= ~MS_RDONLY;
-		nilfs_clear_opt(sbi, SNAPSHOT);
-		sbi->s_snapshot_cno = 0;
 
 		err = nilfs_attach_segment_constructor(sbi);
 		if (err)
@@ -935,8 +902,6 @@ static int nilfs_remount(struct super_block *sb, int *flags, char *data)
 		down_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
 		nilfs_setup_super(sbi);
 		up_write(&nilfs->ns_sem);
-
-		nilfs->ns_current = sbi;
 	}
  out:
 	up_write(&nilfs->ns_super_sem);
@@ -1022,10 +987,14 @@ nilfs_get_sb(struct file_system_type *fs_type, int flags,
 {
 	struct nilfs_super_data sd;
 	struct super_block *s;
+	fmode_t mode = FMODE_READ;
 	struct the_nilfs *nilfs;
 	int err, need_to_close = 1;
 
-	sd.bdev = open_bdev_exclusive(dev_name, flags, fs_type);
+	if (!(flags & MS_RDONLY))
+		mode |= FMODE_WRITE;
+
+	sd.bdev = open_bdev_exclusive(dev_name, mode, fs_type);
 	if (IS_ERR(sd.bdev))
 		return PTR_ERR(sd.bdev);
 
@@ -1092,10 +1061,12 @@ nilfs_get_sb(struct file_system_type *fs_type, int flags,
 
 		/* New superblock instance created */
 		s->s_flags = flags;
+		s->s_mode = mode;
 		strlcpy(s->s_id, bdevname(sd.bdev, b), sizeof(s->s_id));
 		sb_set_blocksize(s, block_size(sd.bdev));
 
-		err = nilfs_fill_super(s, data, flags & MS_VERBOSE, nilfs);
+		err = nilfs_fill_super(s, data, flags & MS_SILENT ? 1 : 0,
+				       nilfs);
 		if (err)
 			goto cancel_new;
 
@@ -1106,7 +1077,7 @@ nilfs_get_sb(struct file_system_type *fs_type, int flags,
 	mutex_unlock(&nilfs->ns_mount_mutex);
 	put_nilfs(nilfs);
 	if (need_to_close)
-		close_bdev_exclusive(sd.bdev, flags);
+		close_bdev_exclusive(sd.bdev, mode);
 	simple_set_mnt(mnt, s);
 	return 0;
 
@@ -1114,7 +1085,7 @@ nilfs_get_sb(struct file_system_type *fs_type, int flags,
 	mutex_unlock(&nilfs->ns_mount_mutex);
 	put_nilfs(nilfs);
  failed:
-	close_bdev_exclusive(sd.bdev, flags);
+	close_bdev_exclusive(sd.bdev, mode);
 
 	return err;
 
@@ -1124,7 +1095,7 @@ nilfs_get_sb(struct file_system_type *fs_type, int flags,
 	put_nilfs(nilfs);
 	deactivate_locked_super(s);
 	/*
-	 * deactivate_super() invokes close_bdev_exclusive().
+	 * deactivate_locked_super() invokes close_bdev_exclusive().
 	 * We must finish all post-cleaning before this call;
 	 * put_nilfs() needs the block device.
 	 */
@@ -1139,54 +1110,93 @@ struct file_system_type nilfs_fs_type = {
 	.fs_flags = FS_REQUIRES_DEV,
 };
 
-static int __init init_nilfs_fs(void)
+static void nilfs_inode_init_once(void *obj)
 {
-	int err;
-
-	err = nilfs_init_inode_cache();
-	if (err)
-		goto failed;
+	struct nilfs_inode_info *ii = obj;
 
-	err = nilfs_init_transaction_cache();
-	if (err)
-		goto failed_inode_cache;
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ii->i_dirty);
+#ifdef CONFIG_NILFS_XATTR
+	init_rwsem(&ii->xattr_sem);
+#endif
+	nilfs_btnode_cache_init_once(&ii->i_btnode_cache);
+	ii->i_bmap = (struct nilfs_bmap *)&ii->i_bmap_union;
+	inode_init_once(&ii->vfs_inode);
+}
 
-	err = nilfs_init_segbuf_cache();
-	if (err)
-		goto failed_transaction_cache;
+static void nilfs_segbuf_init_once(void *obj)
+{
+	memset(obj, 0, sizeof(struct nilfs_segment_buffer));
+}
 
-	err = nilfs_btree_path_cache_init();
-	if (err)
-		goto failed_segbuf_cache;
+static void nilfs_destroy_cachep(void)
+{
+	 if (nilfs_inode_cachep)
+		kmem_cache_destroy(nilfs_inode_cachep);
+	 if (nilfs_transaction_cachep)
+		kmem_cache_destroy(nilfs_transaction_cachep);
+	 if (nilfs_segbuf_cachep)
+		kmem_cache_destroy(nilfs_segbuf_cachep);
+	 if (nilfs_btree_path_cache)
+		kmem_cache_destroy(nilfs_btree_path_cache);
+}
 
-	err = register_filesystem(&nilfs_fs_type);
-	if (err)
-		goto failed_btree_path_cache;
+static int __init nilfs_init_cachep(void)
+{
+	nilfs_inode_cachep = kmem_cache_create("nilfs2_inode_cache",
+			sizeof(struct nilfs_inode_info), 0,
+			SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT, nilfs_inode_init_once);
+	if (!nilfs_inode_cachep)
+		goto fail;
+
+	nilfs_transaction_cachep = kmem_cache_create("nilfs2_transaction_cache",
+			sizeof(struct nilfs_transaction_info), 0,
+			SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT, NULL);
+	if (!nilfs_transaction_cachep)
+		goto fail;
+
+	nilfs_segbuf_cachep = kmem_cache_create("nilfs2_segbuf_cache",
+			sizeof(struct nilfs_segment_buffer), 0,
+			SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT, nilfs_segbuf_init_once);
+	if (!nilfs_segbuf_cachep)
+		goto fail;
+
+	nilfs_btree_path_cache = kmem_cache_create("nilfs2_btree_path_cache",
+			sizeof(struct nilfs_btree_path) * NILFS_BTREE_LEVEL_MAX,
+			0, 0, NULL);
+	if (!nilfs_btree_path_cache)
+		goto fail;
 
 	return 0;
 
- failed_btree_path_cache:
-	nilfs_btree_path_cache_destroy();
+fail:
+	nilfs_destroy_cachep();
+	return -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+static int __init init_nilfs_fs(void)
+{
+	int err;
 
- failed_segbuf_cache:
-	nilfs_destroy_segbuf_cache();
+	err = nilfs_init_cachep();
+	if (err)
+		goto fail;
 
- failed_transaction_cache:
-	nilfs_destroy_transaction_cache();
+	err = register_filesystem(&nilfs_fs_type);
+	if (err)
+		goto free_cachep;
 
- failed_inode_cache:
-	nilfs_destroy_inode_cache();
+	printk(KERN_INFO "NILFS version 2 loaded\n");
+	return 0;
 
- failed:
+free_cachep:
+	nilfs_destroy_cachep();
+fail:
 	return err;
 }
 
 static void __exit exit_nilfs_fs(void)
 {
-	nilfs_destroy_segbuf_cache();
-	nilfs_destroy_transaction_cache();
-	nilfs_destroy_inode_cache();
-	nilfs_btree_path_cache_destroy();
+	nilfs_destroy_cachep();
 	unregister_filesystem(&nilfs_fs_type);
 }
 
diff --git a/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.c b/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.c
index 33871f7e4f01..a756168a21c2 100644
--- a/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.c
+++ b/fs/nilfs2/the_nilfs.c
@@ -486,11 +486,15 @@ static int nilfs_load_super_block(struct the_nilfs *nilfs,
 		printk(KERN_WARNING
 		       "NILFS warning: unable to read secondary superblock\n");
 
+	/*
+	 * Compare two super blocks and set 1 in swp if the secondary
+	 * super block is valid and newer.  Otherwise, set 0 in swp.
+	 */
 	valid[0] = nilfs_valid_sb(sbp[0]);
 	valid[1] = nilfs_valid_sb(sbp[1]);
-	swp = valid[1] &&
-		(!valid[0] ||
-		 le64_to_cpu(sbp[1]->s_wtime) > le64_to_cpu(sbp[0]->s_wtime));
+	swp = valid[1] && (!valid[0] ||
+			   le64_to_cpu(sbp[1]->s_last_cno) >
+			   le64_to_cpu(sbp[0]->s_last_cno));
 
 	if (valid[swp] && nilfs_sb2_bad_offset(sbp[swp], sb2off)) {
 		brelse(sbh[1]);
diff --git a/include/linux/nilfs2_fs.h b/include/linux/nilfs2_fs.h
index 640702e97457..8c2c6116e788 100644
--- a/include/linux/nilfs2_fs.h
+++ b/include/linux/nilfs2_fs.h
@@ -199,16 +199,15 @@ struct nilfs_super_block {
 	__le32	s_creator_os;		/* OS */
 	__le16	s_def_resuid;		/* Default uid for reserved blocks */
 	__le16	s_def_resgid;		/* Default gid for reserved blocks */
-	__le32	s_first_ino; 		/* First non-reserved inode */
+	__le32	s_first_ino;		/* First non-reserved inode */
 
-	__le16  s_inode_size; 		/* Size of an inode */
+	__le16  s_inode_size;		/* Size of an inode */
 	__le16  s_dat_entry_size;       /* Size of a dat entry */
 	__le16  s_checkpoint_size;      /* Size of a checkpoint */
 	__le16	s_segment_usage_size;	/* Size of a segment usage */
 
 	__u8	s_uuid[16];		/* 128-bit uuid for volume */
-	char	s_volume_name[16]; 	/* volume name */
-	char	s_last_mounted[64]; 	/* directory where last mounted */
+	char	s_volume_name[80];	/* volume name */
 
 	__le32  s_c_interval;           /* Commit interval of segment */
 	__le32  s_c_block_max;          /* Threshold of data amount for
@@ -377,6 +376,7 @@ union nilfs_binfo {
  * @ss_nfinfo: number of finfo structures
  * @ss_sumbytes: total size of segment summary in bytes
  * @ss_pad: padding
+ * @ss_cno: checkpoint number
  */
 struct nilfs_segment_summary {
 	__le32 ss_datasum;
@@ -391,6 +391,7 @@ struct nilfs_segment_summary {
 	__le32 ss_nfinfo;
 	__le32 ss_sumbytes;
 	__le32 ss_pad;
+	__le64 ss_cno;
 	/* array of finfo structures */
 };
 
@@ -437,10 +438,10 @@ struct nilfs_palloc_group_desc {
 
 /**
  * struct nilfs_dat_entry - disk address translation entry
- * @dt_blocknr: block number
- * @dt_start: start checkpoint number
- * @dt_end: end checkpoint number
- * @dt_rsv: reserved for future use
+ * @de_blocknr: block number
+ * @de_start: start checkpoint number
+ * @de_end: end checkpoint number
+ * @de_rsv: reserved for future use
  */
 struct nilfs_dat_entry {
 	__le64 de_blocknr;