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|
/*
* Stress userfaultfd syscall.
*
* Copyright (C) 2015 Red Hat, Inc.
*
* This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2. See
* the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
*
* This test allocates two virtual areas and bounces the physical
* memory across the two virtual areas (from area_src to area_dst)
* using userfaultfd.
*
* There are three threads running per CPU:
*
* 1) one per-CPU thread takes a per-page pthread_mutex in a random
* page of the area_dst (while the physical page may still be in
* area_src), and increments a per-page counter in the same page,
* and checks its value against a verification region.
*
* 2) another per-CPU thread handles the userfaults generated by
* thread 1 above. userfaultfd blocking reads or poll() modes are
* exercised interleaved.
*
* 3) one last per-CPU thread transfers the memory in the background
* at maximum bandwidth (if not already transferred by thread
* 2). Each cpu thread takes cares of transferring a portion of the
* area.
*
* When all threads of type 3 completed the transfer, one bounce is
* complete. area_src and area_dst are then swapped. All threads are
* respawned and so the bounce is immediately restarted in the
* opposite direction.
*
* per-CPU threads 1 by triggering userfaults inside
* pthread_mutex_lock will also verify the atomicity of the memory
* transfer (UFFDIO_COPY).
*
* The program takes two parameters: the amounts of physical memory in
* megabytes (MiB) of the area and the number of bounces to execute.
*
* # 100MiB 99999 bounces
* ./userfaultfd 100 99999
*
* # 1GiB 99 bounces
* ./userfaultfd 1000 99
*
* # 10MiB-~6GiB 999 bounces, continue forever unless an error triggers
* while ./userfaultfd $[RANDOM % 6000 + 10] 999; do true; done
*/
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <linux/userfaultfd.h>
#ifdef __NR_userfaultfd
static unsigned long nr_cpus, nr_pages, nr_pages_per_cpu, page_size;
#define BOUNCE_RANDOM (1<<0)
#define BOUNCE_RACINGFAULTS (1<<1)
#define BOUNCE_VERIFY (1<<2)
#define BOUNCE_POLL (1<<3)
static int bounces;
#ifdef HUGETLB_TEST
static int huge_fd;
static char *huge_fd_off0;
#endif
static unsigned long long *count_verify;
static int uffd, finished, *pipefd;
static char *area_src, *area_dst;
static char *zeropage;
pthread_attr_t attr;
/* pthread_mutex_t starts at page offset 0 */
#define area_mutex(___area, ___nr) \
((pthread_mutex_t *) ((___area) + (___nr)*page_size))
/*
* count is placed in the page after pthread_mutex_t naturally aligned
* to avoid non alignment faults on non-x86 archs.
*/
#define area_count(___area, ___nr) \
((volatile unsigned long long *) ((unsigned long) \
((___area) + (___nr)*page_size + \
sizeof(pthread_mutex_t) + \
sizeof(unsigned long long) - 1) & \
~(unsigned long)(sizeof(unsigned long long) \
- 1)))
#ifndef HUGETLB_TEST
#define EXPECTED_IOCTLS ((1 << _UFFDIO_WAKE) | \
(1 << _UFFDIO_COPY) | \
(1 << _UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE))
static int release_pages(char *rel_area)
{
int ret = 0;
if (madvise(rel_area, nr_pages * page_size, MADV_DONTNEED)) {
perror("madvise");
ret = 1;
}
return ret;
}
static void allocate_area(void **alloc_area)
{
if (posix_memalign(alloc_area, page_size, nr_pages * page_size)) {
fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
*alloc_area = NULL;
}
}
#else /* HUGETLB_TEST */
#define EXPECTED_IOCTLS UFFD_API_RANGE_IOCTLS_HPAGE
static int release_pages(char *rel_area)
{
int ret = 0;
if (fallocate(huge_fd, FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,
rel_area == huge_fd_off0 ? 0 :
nr_pages * page_size,
nr_pages * page_size)) {
perror("fallocate");
ret = 1;
}
return ret;
}
static void allocate_area(void **alloc_area)
{
*alloc_area = mmap(NULL, nr_pages * page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_HUGETLB, huge_fd,
*alloc_area == area_src ? 0 :
nr_pages * page_size);
if (*alloc_area == MAP_FAILED) {
fprintf(stderr, "mmap of hugetlbfs file failed\n");
*alloc_area = NULL;
}
if (*alloc_area == area_src)
huge_fd_off0 = *alloc_area;
}
#endif /* HUGETLB_TEST */
static int my_bcmp(char *str1, char *str2, size_t n)
{
unsigned long i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
if (str1[i] != str2[i])
return 1;
return 0;
}
static void *locking_thread(void *arg)
{
unsigned long cpu = (unsigned long) arg;
struct random_data rand;
unsigned long page_nr = *(&(page_nr)); /* uninitialized warning */
int32_t rand_nr;
unsigned long long count;
char randstate[64];
unsigned int seed;
time_t start;
if (bounces & BOUNCE_RANDOM) {
seed = (unsigned int) time(NULL) - bounces;
if (!(bounces & BOUNCE_RACINGFAULTS))
seed += cpu;
bzero(&rand, sizeof(rand));
bzero(&randstate, sizeof(randstate));
if (initstate_r(seed, randstate, sizeof(randstate), &rand))
fprintf(stderr, "srandom_r error\n"), exit(1);
} else {
page_nr = -bounces;
if (!(bounces & BOUNCE_RACINGFAULTS))
page_nr += cpu * nr_pages_per_cpu;
}
while (!finished) {
if (bounces & BOUNCE_RANDOM) {
if (random_r(&rand, &rand_nr))
fprintf(stderr, "random_r 1 error\n"), exit(1);
page_nr = rand_nr;
if (sizeof(page_nr) > sizeof(rand_nr)) {
if (random_r(&rand, &rand_nr))
fprintf(stderr, "random_r 2 error\n"), exit(1);
page_nr |= (((unsigned long) rand_nr) << 16) <<
16;
}
} else
page_nr += 1;
page_nr %= nr_pages;
start = time(NULL);
if (bounces & BOUNCE_VERIFY) {
count = *area_count(area_dst, page_nr);
if (!count)
fprintf(stderr,
"page_nr %lu wrong count %Lu %Lu\n",
page_nr, count,
count_verify[page_nr]), exit(1);
/*
* We can't use bcmp (or memcmp) because that
* returns 0 erroneously if the memory is
* changing under it (even if the end of the
* page is never changing and always
* different).
*/
#if 1
if (!my_bcmp(area_dst + page_nr * page_size, zeropage,
page_size))
fprintf(stderr,
"my_bcmp page_nr %lu wrong count %Lu %Lu\n",
page_nr, count,
count_verify[page_nr]), exit(1);
#else
unsigned long loops;
loops = 0;
/* uncomment the below line to test with mutex */
/* pthread_mutex_lock(area_mutex(area_dst, page_nr)); */
while (!bcmp(area_dst + page_nr * page_size, zeropage,
page_size)) {
loops += 1;
if (loops > 10)
break;
}
/* uncomment below line to test with mutex */
/* pthread_mutex_unlock(area_mutex(area_dst, page_nr)); */
if (loops) {
fprintf(stderr,
"page_nr %lu all zero thread %lu %p %lu\n",
page_nr, cpu, area_dst + page_nr * page_size,
loops);
if (loops > 10)
exit(1);
}
#endif
}
pthread_mutex_lock(area_mutex(area_dst, page_nr));
count = *area_count(area_dst, page_nr);
if (count != count_verify[page_nr]) {
fprintf(stderr,
"page_nr %lu memory corruption %Lu %Lu\n",
page_nr, count,
count_verify[page_nr]), exit(1);
}
count++;
*area_count(area_dst, page_nr) = count_verify[page_nr] = count;
pthread_mutex_unlock(area_mutex(area_dst, page_nr));
if (time(NULL) - start > 1)
fprintf(stderr,
"userfault too slow %ld "
"possible false positive with overcommit\n",
time(NULL) - start);
}
return NULL;
}
static int copy_page(unsigned long offset)
{
struct uffdio_copy uffdio_copy;
if (offset >= nr_pages * page_size)
fprintf(stderr, "unexpected offset %lu\n",
offset), exit(1);
uffdio_copy.dst = (unsigned long) area_dst + offset;
uffdio_copy.src = (unsigned long) area_src + offset;
uffdio_copy.len = page_size;
uffdio_copy.mode = 0;
uffdio_copy.copy = 0;
if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_COPY, &uffdio_copy)) {
/* real retval in ufdio_copy.copy */
if (uffdio_copy.copy != -EEXIST)
fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_COPY error %Ld\n",
uffdio_copy.copy), exit(1);
} else if (uffdio_copy.copy != page_size) {
fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_COPY unexpected copy %Ld\n",
uffdio_copy.copy), exit(1);
} else
return 1;
return 0;
}
static void *uffd_poll_thread(void *arg)
{
unsigned long cpu = (unsigned long) arg;
struct pollfd pollfd[2];
struct uffd_msg msg;
int ret;
unsigned long offset;
char tmp_chr;
unsigned long userfaults = 0;
pollfd[0].fd = uffd;
pollfd[0].events = POLLIN;
pollfd[1].fd = pipefd[cpu*2];
pollfd[1].events = POLLIN;
for (;;) {
ret = poll(pollfd, 2, -1);
if (!ret)
fprintf(stderr, "poll error %d\n", ret), exit(1);
if (ret < 0)
perror("poll"), exit(1);
if (pollfd[1].revents & POLLIN) {
if (read(pollfd[1].fd, &tmp_chr, 1) != 1)
fprintf(stderr, "read pipefd error\n"),
exit(1);
break;
}
if (!(pollfd[0].revents & POLLIN))
fprintf(stderr, "pollfd[0].revents %d\n",
pollfd[0].revents), exit(1);
ret = read(uffd, &msg, sizeof(msg));
if (ret < 0) {
if (errno == EAGAIN)
continue;
perror("nonblocking read error"), exit(1);
}
if (msg.event != UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT)
fprintf(stderr, "unexpected msg event %u\n",
msg.event), exit(1);
if (msg.arg.pagefault.flags & UFFD_PAGEFAULT_FLAG_WRITE)
fprintf(stderr, "unexpected write fault\n"), exit(1);
offset = (char *)(unsigned long)msg.arg.pagefault.address -
area_dst;
offset &= ~(page_size-1);
if (copy_page(offset))
userfaults++;
}
return (void *)userfaults;
}
pthread_mutex_t uffd_read_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
static void *uffd_read_thread(void *arg)
{
unsigned long *this_cpu_userfaults;
struct uffd_msg msg;
unsigned long offset;
int ret;
this_cpu_userfaults = (unsigned long *) arg;
*this_cpu_userfaults = 0;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&uffd_read_mutex);
/* from here cancellation is ok */
for (;;) {
ret = read(uffd, &msg, sizeof(msg));
if (ret != sizeof(msg)) {
if (ret < 0)
perror("blocking read error"), exit(1);
else
fprintf(stderr, "short read\n"), exit(1);
}
if (msg.event != UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT)
fprintf(stderr, "unexpected msg event %u\n",
msg.event), exit(1);
if (bounces & BOUNCE_VERIFY &&
msg.arg.pagefault.flags & UFFD_PAGEFAULT_FLAG_WRITE)
fprintf(stderr, "unexpected write fault\n"), exit(1);
offset = (char *)(unsigned long)msg.arg.pagefault.address -
area_dst;
offset &= ~(page_size-1);
if (copy_page(offset))
(*this_cpu_userfaults)++;
}
return (void *)NULL;
}
static void *background_thread(void *arg)
{
unsigned long cpu = (unsigned long) arg;
unsigned long page_nr;
for (page_nr = cpu * nr_pages_per_cpu;
page_nr < (cpu+1) * nr_pages_per_cpu;
page_nr++)
copy_page(page_nr * page_size);
return NULL;
}
static int stress(unsigned long *userfaults)
{
unsigned long cpu;
pthread_t locking_threads[nr_cpus];
pthread_t uffd_threads[nr_cpus];
pthread_t background_threads[nr_cpus];
void **_userfaults = (void **) userfaults;
finished = 0;
for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++) {
if (pthread_create(&locking_threads[cpu], &attr,
locking_thread, (void *)cpu))
return 1;
if (bounces & BOUNCE_POLL) {
if (pthread_create(&uffd_threads[cpu], &attr,
uffd_poll_thread, (void *)cpu))
return 1;
} else {
if (pthread_create(&uffd_threads[cpu], &attr,
uffd_read_thread,
&_userfaults[cpu]))
return 1;
pthread_mutex_lock(&uffd_read_mutex);
}
if (pthread_create(&background_threads[cpu], &attr,
background_thread, (void *)cpu))
return 1;
}
for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++)
if (pthread_join(background_threads[cpu], NULL))
return 1;
/*
* Be strict and immediately zap area_src, the whole area has
* been transferred already by the background treads. The
* area_src could then be faulted in in a racy way by still
* running uffdio_threads reading zeropages after we zapped
* area_src (but they're guaranteed to get -EEXIST from
* UFFDIO_COPY without writing zero pages into area_dst
* because the background threads already completed).
*/
if (release_pages(area_src))
return 1;
for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++) {
char c;
if (bounces & BOUNCE_POLL) {
if (write(pipefd[cpu*2+1], &c, 1) != 1) {
fprintf(stderr, "pipefd write error\n");
return 1;
}
if (pthread_join(uffd_threads[cpu], &_userfaults[cpu]))
return 1;
} else {
if (pthread_cancel(uffd_threads[cpu]))
return 1;
if (pthread_join(uffd_threads[cpu], NULL))
return 1;
}
}
finished = 1;
for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++)
if (pthread_join(locking_threads[cpu], NULL))
return 1;
return 0;
}
static int userfaultfd_stress(void)
{
void *area;
char *tmp_area;
unsigned long nr;
struct uffdio_register uffdio_register;
struct uffdio_api uffdio_api;
unsigned long cpu;
int uffd_flags, err;
unsigned long userfaults[nr_cpus];
allocate_area((void **)&area_src);
if (!area_src)
return 1;
allocate_area((void **)&area_dst);
if (!area_dst)
return 1;
uffd = syscall(__NR_userfaultfd, O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK);
if (uffd < 0) {
fprintf(stderr,
"userfaultfd syscall not available in this kernel\n");
return 1;
}
uffd_flags = fcntl(uffd, F_GETFD, NULL);
uffdio_api.api = UFFD_API;
uffdio_api.features = 0;
if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_API, &uffdio_api)) {
fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_API\n");
return 1;
}
if (uffdio_api.api != UFFD_API) {
fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_API error %Lu\n", uffdio_api.api);
return 1;
}
count_verify = malloc(nr_pages * sizeof(unsigned long long));
if (!count_verify) {
perror("count_verify");
return 1;
}
for (nr = 0; nr < nr_pages; nr++) {
*area_mutex(area_src, nr) = (pthread_mutex_t)
PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
count_verify[nr] = *area_count(area_src, nr) = 1;
/*
* In the transition between 255 to 256, powerpc will
* read out of order in my_bcmp and see both bytes as
* zero, so leave a placeholder below always non-zero
* after the count, to avoid my_bcmp to trigger false
* positives.
*/
*(area_count(area_src, nr) + 1) = 1;
}
pipefd = malloc(sizeof(int) * nr_cpus * 2);
if (!pipefd) {
perror("pipefd");
return 1;
}
for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++) {
if (pipe2(&pipefd[cpu*2], O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK)) {
perror("pipe");
return 1;
}
}
if (posix_memalign(&area, page_size, page_size)) {
fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
return 1;
}
zeropage = area;
bzero(zeropage, page_size);
pthread_mutex_lock(&uffd_read_mutex);
pthread_attr_init(&attr);
pthread_attr_setstacksize(&attr, 16*1024*1024);
err = 0;
while (bounces--) {
unsigned long expected_ioctls;
printf("bounces: %d, mode:", bounces);
if (bounces & BOUNCE_RANDOM)
printf(" rnd");
if (bounces & BOUNCE_RACINGFAULTS)
printf(" racing");
if (bounces & BOUNCE_VERIFY)
printf(" ver");
if (bounces & BOUNCE_POLL)
printf(" poll");
printf(", ");
fflush(stdout);
if (bounces & BOUNCE_POLL)
fcntl(uffd, F_SETFL, uffd_flags | O_NONBLOCK);
else
fcntl(uffd, F_SETFL, uffd_flags & ~O_NONBLOCK);
/* register */
uffdio_register.range.start = (unsigned long) area_dst;
uffdio_register.range.len = nr_pages * page_size;
uffdio_register.mode = UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING;
if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, &uffdio_register)) {
fprintf(stderr, "register failure\n");
return 1;
}
expected_ioctls = EXPECTED_IOCTLS;
if ((uffdio_register.ioctls & expected_ioctls) !=
expected_ioctls) {
fprintf(stderr,
"unexpected missing ioctl for anon memory\n");
return 1;
}
/*
* The madvise done previously isn't enough: some
* uffd_thread could have read userfaults (one of
* those already resolved by the background thread)
* and it may be in the process of calling
* UFFDIO_COPY. UFFDIO_COPY will read the zapped
* area_src and it would map a zero page in it (of
* course such a UFFDIO_COPY is perfectly safe as it'd
* return -EEXIST). The problem comes at the next
* bounce though: that racing UFFDIO_COPY would
* generate zeropages in the area_src, so invalidating
* the previous MADV_DONTNEED. Without this additional
* MADV_DONTNEED those zeropages leftovers in the
* area_src would lead to -EEXIST failure during the
* next bounce, effectively leaving a zeropage in the
* area_dst.
*
* Try to comment this out madvise to see the memory
* corruption being caught pretty quick.
*
* khugepaged is also inhibited to collapse THP after
* MADV_DONTNEED only after the UFFDIO_REGISTER, so it's
* required to MADV_DONTNEED here.
*/
if (release_pages(area_dst))
return 1;
/* bounce pass */
if (stress(userfaults))
return 1;
/* unregister */
if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_UNREGISTER, &uffdio_register.range)) {
fprintf(stderr, "register failure\n");
return 1;
}
/* verification */
if (bounces & BOUNCE_VERIFY) {
for (nr = 0; nr < nr_pages; nr++) {
if (*area_count(area_dst, nr) != count_verify[nr]) {
fprintf(stderr,
"error area_count %Lu %Lu %lu\n",
*area_count(area_src, nr),
count_verify[nr],
nr);
err = 1;
bounces = 0;
}
}
}
/* prepare next bounce */
tmp_area = area_src;
area_src = area_dst;
area_dst = tmp_area;
printf("userfaults:");
for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++)
printf(" %lu", userfaults[cpu]);
printf("\n");
}
return err;
}
#ifndef HUGETLB_TEST
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if (argc < 3)
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: <MiB> <bounces>\n"), exit(1);
nr_cpus = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
if ((unsigned long) area_count(NULL, 0) + sizeof(unsigned long long) * 2
> page_size)
fprintf(stderr, "Impossible to run this test\n"), exit(2);
nr_pages_per_cpu = atol(argv[1]) * 1024*1024 / page_size /
nr_cpus;
if (!nr_pages_per_cpu) {
fprintf(stderr, "invalid MiB\n");
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: <MiB> <bounces>\n"), exit(1);
}
bounces = atoi(argv[2]);
if (bounces <= 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "invalid bounces\n");
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: <MiB> <bounces>\n"), exit(1);
}
nr_pages = nr_pages_per_cpu * nr_cpus;
printf("nr_pages: %lu, nr_pages_per_cpu: %lu\n",
nr_pages, nr_pages_per_cpu);
return userfaultfd_stress();
}
#else /* HUGETLB_TEST */
/*
* Copied from mlock2-tests.c
*/
unsigned long default_huge_page_size(void)
{
unsigned long hps = 0;
char *line = NULL;
size_t linelen = 0;
FILE *f = fopen("/proc/meminfo", "r");
if (!f)
return 0;
while (getline(&line, &linelen, f) > 0) {
if (sscanf(line, "Hugepagesize: %lu kB", &hps) == 1) {
hps <<= 10;
break;
}
}
free(line);
fclose(f);
return hps;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if (argc < 4)
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: <MiB> <bounces> <hugetlbfs_file>\n"),
exit(1);
nr_cpus = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
page_size = default_huge_page_size();
if (!page_size)
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to determine huge page size\n"),
exit(2);
if ((unsigned long) area_count(NULL, 0) + sizeof(unsigned long long) * 2
> page_size)
fprintf(stderr, "Impossible to run this test\n"), exit(2);
nr_pages_per_cpu = atol(argv[1]) * 1024*1024 / page_size /
nr_cpus;
if (!nr_pages_per_cpu) {
fprintf(stderr, "invalid MiB\n");
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: <MiB> <bounces>\n"), exit(1);
}
bounces = atoi(argv[2]);
if (bounces <= 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "invalid bounces\n");
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: <MiB> <bounces>\n"), exit(1);
}
nr_pages = nr_pages_per_cpu * nr_cpus;
huge_fd = open(argv[3], O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0755);
if (huge_fd < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Open of %s failed", argv[3]);
perror("open");
exit(1);
}
if (ftruncate(huge_fd, 0)) {
fprintf(stderr, "ftruncate %s to size 0 failed", argv[3]);
perror("ftruncate");
exit(1);
}
printf("nr_pages: %lu, nr_pages_per_cpu: %lu\n",
nr_pages, nr_pages_per_cpu);
return userfaultfd_stress();
}
#endif
#else /* __NR_userfaultfd */
#warning "missing __NR_userfaultfd definition"
int main(void)
{
printf("skip: Skipping userfaultfd test (missing __NR_userfaultfd)\n");
return 0;
}
#endif /* __NR_userfaultfd */
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