/* * fs/fs-writeback.c * * Copyright (C) 2002, Linus Torvalds. * * Contains all the functions related to writing back and waiting * upon dirty inodes against superblocks, and writing back dirty * pages against inodes. ie: data writeback. Writeout of the * inode itself is not handled here. * * 10Apr2002 Andrew Morton * Split out of fs/inode.c * Additions for address_space-based writeback */ #include <linux/kernel.h> #include <linux/export.h> #include <linux/spinlock.h> #include <linux/slab.h> #include <linux/sched.h> #include <linux/fs.h> #include <linux/mm.h> #include <linux/pagemap.h> #include <linux/kthread.h> #include <linux/writeback.h> #include <linux/blkdev.h> #include <linux/backing-dev.h> #include <linux/tracepoint.h> #include <linux/device.h> #include "internal.h" /* * 4MB minimal write chunk size */ #define MIN_WRITEBACK_PAGES (4096UL >> (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - 10)) /* * Passed into wb_writeback(), essentially a subset of writeback_control */ struct wb_writeback_work { long nr_pages; struct super_block *sb; unsigned long *older_than_this; enum writeback_sync_modes sync_mode; unsigned int tagged_writepages:1; unsigned int for_kupdate:1; unsigned int range_cyclic:1; unsigned int for_background:1; unsigned int for_sync:1; /* sync(2) WB_SYNC_ALL writeback */ enum wb_reason reason; /* why was writeback initiated? */ struct list_head list; /* pending work list */ struct completion *done; /* set if the caller waits */ }; /* * If an inode is constantly having its pages dirtied, but then the * updates stop dirtytime_expire_interval seconds in the past, it's * possible for the worst case time between when an inode has its * timestamps updated and when they finally get written out to be two * dirtytime_expire_intervals. We set the default to 12 hours (in * seconds), which means most of the time inodes will have their * timestamps written to disk after 12 hours, but in the worst case a * few inodes might not their timestamps updated for 24 hours. */ unsigned int dirtytime_expire_interval = 12 * 60 * 60; /** * writeback_in_progress - determine whether there is writeback in progress * @bdi: the device's backing_dev_info structure. * * Determine whether there is writeback waiting to be handled against a * backing device. */ int writeback_in_progress(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) { return test_bit(BDI_writeback_running, &bdi->state); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(writeback_in_progress); struct backing_dev_info *inode_to_bdi(struct inode *inode) { struct super_block *sb; if (!inode) return &noop_backing_dev_info; sb = inode->i_sb; #ifdef CONFIG_BLOCK if (sb_is_blkdev_sb(sb)) return blk_get_backing_dev_info(I_BDEV(inode)); #endif return sb->s_bdi; } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(inode_to_bdi); static inline struct inode *wb_inode(struct list_head *head) { return list_entry(head, struct inode, i_wb_list); } /* * Include the creation of the trace points after defining the * wb_writeback_work structure and inline functions so that the definition * remains local to this file. */ #define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS #include <trace/events/writeback.h> EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(wbc_writepage); static void bdi_wakeup_thread(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) { spin_lock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock); if (test_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state)) mod_delayed_work(bdi_wq, &bdi->wb.dwork, 0); spin_unlock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock); } static void bdi_queue_work(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, struct wb_writeback_work *work) { trace_writeback_queue(bdi, work); spin_lock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock); if (!test_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state)) { if (work->done) complete(work->done); goto out_unlock; } list_add_tail(&work->list, &bdi->work_list); mod_delayed_work(bdi_wq, &bdi->wb.dwork, 0); out_unlock: spin_unlock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock); } static void __bdi_start_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, long nr_pages, bool range_cyclic, enum wb_reason reason) { struct wb_writeback_work *work; /* * This is WB_SYNC_NONE writeback, so if allocation fails just * wakeup the thread for old dirty data writeback */ work = kzalloc(sizeof(*work), GFP_ATOMIC); if (!work) { trace_writeback_nowork(bdi); bdi_wakeup_thread(bdi); return; } work->sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE; work->nr_pages = nr_pages; work->range_cyclic = range_cyclic; work->reason = reason; bdi_queue_work(bdi, work); } /** * bdi_start_writeback - start writeback * @bdi: the backing device to write from * @nr_pages: the number of pages to write * @reason: reason why some writeback work was initiated * * Description: * This does WB_SYNC_NONE opportunistic writeback. The IO is only * started when this function returns, we make no guarantees on * completion. Caller need not hold sb s_umount semaphore. * */ void bdi_start_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, long nr_pages, enum wb_reason reason) { __bdi_start_writeback(bdi, nr_pages, true, reason); } /** * bdi_start_background_writeback - start background writeback * @bdi: the backing device to write from * * Description: * This makes sure WB_SYNC_NONE background writeback happens. When * this function returns, it is only guaranteed that for given BDI * some IO is happening if we are over background dirty threshold. * Caller need not hold sb s_umount semaphore. */ void bdi_start_background_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) { /* * We just wake up the flusher thread. It will perform background * writeback as soon as there is no other work to do. */ trace_writeback_wake_background(bdi); bdi_wakeup_thread(bdi); } /* * Remove the inode from the writeback list it is on. */ void inode_wb_list_del(struct inode *inode) { struct backing_dev_info *bdi = inode_to_bdi(inode); spin_lock(&bdi->wb.list_lock); list_del_init(&inode->i_wb_list); spin_unlock(&bdi->wb.list_lock); } /* * Redirty an inode: set its when-it-was dirtied timestamp and move it to the * furthest end of its superblock's dirty-inode list. * * Before stamping the inode's ->dirtied_when, we check to see whether it is * already the most-recently-dirtied inode on the b_dirty list. If that is * the case then the inode must have been redirtied while it was being written * out and we don't reset its dirtied_when. */ static void redirty_tail(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb) { assert_spin_locked(&wb->list_lock); if (!list_empty(&wb->b_dirty)) { struct inode *tail; tail = wb_inode(wb->b_dirty.next); if (time_before(inode->dirtied_when, tail->dirtied_when)) inode->dirtied_when = jiffies; } list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &wb->b_dirty); } /* * requeue inode for re-scanning after bdi->b_io list is exhausted. */ static void requeue_io(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb) { assert_spin_locked(&wb->list_lock); list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &wb->b_more_io); } static void inode_sync_complete(struct inode *inode) { inode->i_state &= ~I_SYNC; /* If inode is clean an unused, put it into LRU now... */ inode_add_lru(inode); /* Waiters must see I_SYNC cleared before being woken up */ smp_mb(); wake_up_bit(&inode->i_state, __I_SYNC); } static bool inode_dirtied_after(struct inode *inode, unsigned long t) { bool ret = time_after(inode->dirtied_when, t); #ifndef CONFIG_64BIT /* * For inodes being constantly redirtied, dirtied_when can get stuck. * It _appears_ to be in the future, but is actually in distant past. * This test is necessary to prevent such wrapped-around relative times * from permanently stopping the whole bdi writeback. */ ret = ret && time_before_eq(inode->dirtied_when, jiffies); #endif return ret; } #define EXPIRE_DIRTY_ATIME 0x0001 /* * Move expired (dirtied before work->older_than_this) dirty inodes from * @delaying_queue to @dispatch_queue. */ static int move_expired_inodes(struct list_head *delaying_queue, struct list_head *dispatch_queue, int flags, struct wb_writeback_work *work) { unsigned long *older_than_this = NULL; unsigned long expire_time; LIST_HEAD(tmp); struct list_head *pos, *node; struct super_block *sb = NULL; struct inode *inode; int do_sb_sort = 0; int moved = 0; if ((flags & EXPIRE_DIRTY_ATIME) == 0) older_than_this = work->older_than_this; else if (!work->for_sync) { expire_time = jiffies - (dirtytime_expire_interval * HZ); older_than_this = &expire_time; } while (!list_empty(delaying_queue)) { inode = wb_inode(delaying_queue->prev); if (older_than_this && inode_dirtied_after(inode, *older_than_this)) break; list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &tmp); moved++; if (flags & EXPIRE_DIRTY_ATIME) set_bit(__I_DIRTY_TIME_EXPIRED, &inode->i_state); if (sb_is_blkdev_sb(inode->i_sb)) continue; if (sb && sb != inode->i_sb) do_sb_sort = 1; sb = inode->i_sb; } /* just one sb in list, splice to dispatch_queue and we're done */ if (!do_sb_sort) { list_splice(&tmp, dispatch_queue); goto out; } /* Move inodes from one superblock together */ while (!list_empty(&tmp)) { sb = wb_inode(tmp.prev)->i_sb; list_for_each_prev_safe(pos, node, &tmp) { inode = wb_inode(pos); if (inode->i_sb == sb) list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, dispatch_queue); } } out: return moved; } /* * Queue all expired dirty inodes for io, eldest first. * Before * newly dirtied b_dirty b_io b_more_io * =============> gf edc BA * After * newly dirtied b_dirty b_io b_more_io * =============> g fBAedc * | * +--> dequeue for IO */ static void queue_io(struct bdi_writeback *wb, struct wb_writeback_work *work) { int moved; assert_spin_locked(&wb->list_lock); list_splice_init(&wb->b_more_io, &wb->b_io); moved = move_expired_inodes(&wb->b_dirty, &wb->b_io, 0, work); moved += move_expired_inodes(&wb->b_dirty_time, &wb->b_io, EXPIRE_DIRTY_ATIME, work); trace_writeback_queue_io(wb, work, moved); } static int write_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc) { int ret; if (inode->i_sb->s_op->write_inode && !is_bad_inode(inode)) { trace_writeback_write_inode_start(inode, wbc); ret = inode->i_sb->s_op->write_inode(inode, wbc); trace_writeback_write_inode(inode, wbc); return ret; } return 0; } /* * Wait for writeback on an inode to complete. Called with i_lock held. * Caller must make sure inode cannot go away when we drop i_lock. */ static void __inode_wait_for_writeback(struct inode *inode) __releases(inode->i_lock) __acquires(inode->i_lock) { DEFINE_WAIT_BIT(wq, &inode->i_state, __I_SYNC); wait_queue_head_t *wqh; wqh = bit_waitqueue(&inode->i_state, __I_SYNC); while (inode->i_state & I_SYNC) { spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); __wait_on_bit(wqh, &wq, bit_wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE); spin_lock(&inode->i_lock); } } /* * Wait for writeback on an inode to complete. Caller must have inode pinned. */ void inode_wait_for_writeback(struct inode *inode) { spin_lock(&inode->i_lock); __inode_wait_for_writeback(inode); spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); } /* * Sleep until I_SYNC is cleared. This function must be called with i_lock * held and drops it. It is aimed for callers not holding any inode reference * so once i_lock is dropped, inode can go away. */ static void inode_sleep_on_writeback(struct inode *inode) __releases(inode->i_lock) { DEFINE_WAIT(wait); wait_queue_head_t *wqh = bit_waitqueue(&inode->i_state, __I_SYNC); int sleep; prepare_to_wait(wqh, &wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE); sleep = inode->i_state & I_SYNC; spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); if (sleep) schedule(); finish_wait(wqh, &wait); } /* * Find proper writeback list for the inode depending on its current state and * possibly also change of its state while we were doing writeback. Here we * handle things such as livelock prevention or fairness of writeback among * inodes. This function can be called only by flusher thread - noone else * processes all inodes in writeback lists and requeueing inodes behind flusher * thread's back can have unexpected consequences. */ static void requeue_inode(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb, struct writeback_control *wbc) { if (inode->i_state & I_FREEING) return; /* * Sync livelock prevention. Each inode is tagged and synced in one * shot. If still dirty, it will be redirty_tail()'ed below. Update * the dirty time to prevent enqueue and sync it again. */ if ((inode->i_state & I_DIRTY) && (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || wbc->tagged_writepages)) inode->dirtied_when = jiffies; if (wbc->pages_skipped) { /* * writeback is not making progress due to locked * buffers. Skip this inode for now. */ redirty_tail(inode, wb); return; } if (mapping_tagged(inode->i_mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY)) { /* * We didn't write back all the pages. nfs_writepages() * sometimes bales out without doing anything. */ if (wbc->nr_to_write <= 0) { /* Slice used up. Queue for next turn. */ requeue_io(inode, wb); } else { /* * Writeback blocked by something other than * congestion. Delay the inode for some time to * avoid spinning on the CPU (100% iowait) * retrying writeback of the dirty page/inode * that cannot be performed immediately. */ redirty_tail(inode, wb); } } else if (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY) { /* * Filesystems can dirty the inode during writeback operations, * such as delayed allocation during submission or metadata * updates after data IO completion. */ redirty_tail(inode, wb); } else if (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_TIME) { inode->dirtied_when = jiffies; list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &wb->b_dirty_time); } else { /* The inode is clean. Remove from writeback lists. */ list_del_init(&inode->i_wb_list); } } /* * Write out an inode and its dirty pages. Do not update the writeback list * linkage. That is left to the caller. The caller is also responsible for * setting I_SYNC flag and calling inode_sync_complete() to clear it. */ static int __writeback_single_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc) { struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping; long nr_to_write = wbc->nr_to_write; unsigned dirty; int ret; WARN_ON(!(inode->i_state & I_SYNC)); trace_writeback_single_inode_start(inode, wbc, nr_to_write); ret = do_writepages(mapping, wbc); /* * Make sure to wait on the data before writing out the metadata. * This is important for filesystems that modify metadata on data * I/O completion. We don't do it for sync(2) writeback because it has a * separate, external IO completion path and ->sync_fs for guaranteeing * inode metadata is written back correctly. */ if (wbc->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL && !wbc->for_sync) { int err = filemap_fdatawait(mapping); if (ret == 0) ret = err; } /* * Some filesystems may redirty the inode during the writeback * due to delalloc, clear dirty metadata flags right before * write_inode() */ spin_lock(&inode->i_lock); dirty = inode->i_state & I_DIRTY; if (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_TIME) { if ((dirty & (I_DIRTY_SYNC | I_DIRTY_DATASYNC)) || unlikely(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_TIME_EXPIRED) || unlikely(time_after(jiffies, (inode->dirtied_time_when + dirtytime_expire_interval * HZ)))) { dirty |= I_DIRTY_TIME | I_DIRTY_TIME_EXPIRED; trace_writeback_lazytime(inode); } } else inode->i_state &= ~I_DIRTY_TIME_EXPIRED; inode->i_state &= ~dirty; /* * Paired with smp_mb() in __mark_inode_dirty(). This allows * __mark_inode_dirty() to test i_state without grabbing i_lock - * either they see the I_DIRTY bits cleared or we see the dirtied * inode. * * I_DIRTY_PAGES is always cleared together above even if @mapping * still has dirty pages. The flag is reinstated after smp_mb() if * necessary. This guarantees that either __mark_inode_dirty() * sees clear I_DIRTY_PAGES or we see PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY. */ smp_mb(); if (mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY)) inode->i_state |= I_DIRTY_PAGES; spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); if (dirty & I_DIRTY_TIME) mark_inode_dirty_sync(inode); /* Don't write the inode if only I_DIRTY_PAGES was set */ if (dirty & ~I_DIRTY_PAGES) { int err = write_inode(inode, wbc); if (ret == 0) ret = err; } trace_writeback_single_inode(inode, wbc, nr_to_write); return ret; } /* * Write out an inode's dirty pages. Either the caller has an active reference * on the inode or the inode has I_WILL_FREE set. * * This function is designed to be called for writing back one inode which * we go e.g. from filesystem. Flusher thread uses __writeback_single_inode() * and does more profound writeback list handling in writeback_sb_inodes(). */ static int writeback_single_inode(struct inode *inode, struct bdi_writeback *wb, struct writeback_control *wbc) { int ret = 0; spin_lock(&inode->i_lock); if (!atomic_read(&inode->i_count)) WARN_ON(!(inode->i_state & (I_WILL_FREE|I_FREEING))); else WARN_ON(inode->i_state & I_WILL_FREE); if (inode->i_state & I_SYNC) { if (wbc->sync_mode != WB_SYNC_ALL) goto out; /* * It's a data-integrity sync. We must wait. Since callers hold * inode reference or inode has I_WILL_FREE set, it cannot go * away under us. */ __inode_wait_for_writeback(inode); } WARN_ON(inode->i_state & I_SYNC); /* * Skip inode if it is clean and we have no outstanding writeback in * WB_SYNC_ALL mode. We don't want to mess with writeback lists in this * function since flusher thread may be doing for example sync in * parallel and if we move the inode, it could get skipped. So here we * make sure inode is on some writeback list and leave it there unless * we have completely cleaned the inode. */ if (!(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_ALL) && (wbc->sync_mode != WB_SYNC_ALL || !mapping_tagged(inode->i_mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK))) goto out; inode->i_state |= I_SYNC; spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); ret = __writeback_single_inode(inode, wbc); spin_lock(&wb->list_lock); spin_lock(&inode->i_lock); /* * If inode is clean, remove it from writeback lists. Otherwise don't * touch it. See comment above for explanation. */ if (!(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_ALL)) list_del_init(&inode->i_wb_list); spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock); inode_sync_complete(inode); out: spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); return ret; } static long writeback_chunk_size(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, struct wb_writeback_work *work) { long pages; /* * WB_SYNC_ALL mode does livelock avoidance by syncing dirty * inodes/pages in one big loop. Setting wbc.nr_to_write=LONG_MAX * here avoids calling into writeback_inodes_wb() more than once. * * The intended call sequence for WB_SYNC_ALL writeback is: * * wb_writeback() * writeback_sb_inodes() <== called only once * write_cache_pages() <== called once for each inode * (quickly) tag currently dirty pages * (maybe slowly) sync all tagged pages */ if (work->sync_mode == WB_SYNC_ALL || work->tagged_writepages) pages = LONG_MAX; else { pages = min(bdi->avg_write_bandwidth / 2, global_dirty_limit / DIRTY_SCOPE); pages = min(pages, work->nr_pages); pages = round_down(pages + MIN_WRITEBACK_PAGES, MIN_WRITEBACK_PAGES); } return pages; } /* * Write a portion of b_io inodes which belong to @sb. * * Return the number of pages and/or inodes written. */ static long writeback_sb_inodes(struct super_block *sb, struct bdi_writeback *wb, struct wb_writeback_work *work) { struct writeback_control wbc = { .sync_mode = work->sync_mode, .tagged_writepages = work->tagged_writepages, .for_kupdate = work->for_kupdate, .for_background = work->for_background, .for_sync = work->for_sync, .range_cyclic = work->range_cyclic, .range_start = 0, .range_end = LLONG_MAX, }; unsigned long start_time = jiffies; long write_chunk; long wrote = 0; /* count both pages and inodes */ while (!list_empty(&wb->b_io)) { struct inode *inode = wb_inode(wb->b_io.prev); if (inode->i_sb != sb) { if (work->sb) { /* * We only want to write back data for this * superblock, move all inodes not belonging * to it back onto the dirty list. */ redirty_tail(inode, wb); continue; } /* * The inode belongs to a different superblock. * Bounce back to the caller to unpin this and * pin the next superblock. */ break; } /* * Don't bother with new inodes or inodes being freed, first * kind does not need periodic writeout yet, and for the latter * kind writeout is handled by the freer. */ spin_lock(&inode->i_lock); if (inode->i_state & (I_NEW | I_FREEING | I_WILL_FREE)) { spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); redirty_tail(inode, wb); continue; } if ((inode->i_state & I_SYNC) && wbc.sync_mode != WB_SYNC_ALL) { /* * If this inode is locked for writeback and we are not * doing writeback-for-data-integrity, move it to * b_more_io so that writeback can proceed with the * other inodes on s_io. * * We'll have another go at writing back this inode * when we completed a full scan of b_io. */ spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); requeue_io(inode, wb); trace_writeback_sb_inodes_requeue(inode); continue; } spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock); /* * We already requeued the inode if it had I_SYNC set and we * are doing WB_SYNC_NONE writeback. So this catches only the * WB_SYNC_ALL case. */ if (inode->i_state & I_SYNC) { /* Wait for I_SYNC. This function drops i_lock... */ inode_sleep_on_writeback(inode); /* Inode may be gone, start again */ spin_lock(&wb->list_lock); continue; } inode->i_state |= I_SYNC; spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); write_chunk = writeback_chunk_size(wb->bdi, work); wbc.nr_to_write = write_chunk; wbc.pages_skipped = 0; /* * We use I_SYNC to pin the inode in memory. While it is set * evict_inode() will wait so the inode cannot be freed. */ __writeback_single_inode(inode, &wbc); work->nr_pages -= write_chunk - wbc.nr_to_write; wrote += write_chunk - wbc.nr_to_write; spin_lock(&wb->list_lock); spin_lock(&inode->i_lock); if (!(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_ALL)) wrote++; requeue_inode(inode, wb, &wbc); inode_sync_complete(inode); spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); cond_resched_lock(&wb->list_lock); /* * bail out to wb_writeback() often enough to check * background threshold and other termination conditions. */ if (wrote) { if (time_is_before_jiffies(start_time + HZ / 10UL)) break; if (work->nr_pages <= 0) break; } } return wrote; } static long __writeback_inodes_wb(struct bdi_writeback *wb, struct wb_writeback_work *work) { unsigned long start_time = jiffies; long wrote = 0; while (!list_empty(&wb->b_io)) { struct inode *inode = wb_inode(wb->b_io.prev); struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb; if (!trylock_super(sb)) { /* * trylock_super() may fail consistently due to * s_umount being grabbed by someone else. Don't use * requeue_io() to avoid busy retrying the inode/sb. */ redirty_tail(inode, wb); continue; } wrote += writeback_sb_inodes(sb, wb, work); up_read(&sb->s_umount); /* refer to the same tests at the end of writeback_sb_inodes */ if (wrote) { if (time_is_before_jiffies(start_time + HZ / 10UL)) break; if (work->nr_pages <= 0) break; } } /* Leave any unwritten inodes on b_io */ return wrote; } static long writeback_inodes_wb(struct bdi_writeback *wb, long nr_pages, enum wb_reason reason) { struct wb_writeback_work work = { .nr_pages = nr_pages, .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE, .range_cyclic = 1, .reason = reason, }; spin_lock(&wb->list_lock); if (list_empty(&wb->b_io)) queue_io(wb, &work); __writeback_inodes_wb(wb, &work); spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock); return nr_pages - work.nr_pages; } static bool over_bground_thresh(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) { unsigned long background_thresh, dirty_thresh; global_dirty_limits(&background_thresh, &dirty_thresh); if (global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) + global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) > background_thresh) return true; if (bdi_stat(bdi, BDI_RECLAIMABLE) > bdi_dirty_limit(bdi, background_thresh)) return true; return false; } /* * Called under wb->list_lock. If there are multiple wb per bdi, * only the flusher working on the first wb should do it. */ static void wb_update_bandwidth(struct bdi_writeback *wb, unsigned long start_time) { __bdi_update_bandwidth(wb->bdi, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, start_time); } /* * Explicit flushing or periodic writeback of "old" data. * * Define "old": the first time one of an inode's pages is dirtied, we mark the * dirtying-time in the inode's address_space. So this periodic writeback code * just walks the superblock inode list, writing back any inodes which are * older than a specific point in time. * * Try to run once per dirty_writeback_interval. But if a writeback event * takes longer than a dirty_writeback_interval interval, then leave a * one-second gap. * * older_than_this takes precedence over nr_to_write. So we'll only write back * all dirty pages if they are all attached to "old" mappings. */ static long wb_writeback(struct bdi_writeback *wb, struct wb_writeback_work *work) { unsigned long wb_start = jiffies; long nr_pages = work->nr_pages; unsigned long oldest_jif; struct inode *inode; long progress; oldest_jif = jiffies; work->older_than_this = &oldest_jif; spin_lock(&wb->list_lock); for (;;) { /* * Stop writeback when nr_pages has been consumed */ if (work->nr_pages <= 0) break; /* * Background writeout and kupdate-style writeback may * run forever. Stop them if there is other work to do * so that e.g. sync can proceed. They'll be restarted * after the other works are all done. */ if ((work->for_background || work->for_kupdate) && !list_empty(&wb->bdi->work_list)) break; /* * For background writeout, stop when we are below the * background dirty threshold */ if (work->for_background && !over_bground_thresh(wb->bdi)) break; /* * Kupdate and background works are special and we want to * include all inodes that need writing. Livelock avoidance is * handled by these works yielding to any other work so we are * safe. */ if (work->for_kupdate) { oldest_jif = jiffies - msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_expire_interval * 10); } else if (work->for_background) oldest_jif = jiffies; trace_writeback_start(wb->bdi, work); if (list_empty(&wb->b_io)) queue_io(wb, work); if (work->sb) progress = writeback_sb_inodes(work->sb, wb, work); else progress = __writeback_inodes_wb(wb, work); trace_writeback_written(wb->bdi, work); wb_update_bandwidth(wb, wb_start); /* * Did we write something? Try for more * * Dirty inodes are moved to b_io for writeback in batches. * The completion of the current batch does not necessarily * mean the overall work is done. So we keep looping as long * as made some progress on cleaning pages or inodes. */ if (progress) continue; /* * No more inodes for IO, bail */ if (list_empty(&wb->b_more_io)) break; /* * Nothing written. Wait for some inode to * become available for writeback. Otherwise * we'll just busyloop. */ if (!list_empty(&wb->b_more_io)) { trace_writeback_wait(wb->bdi, work); inode = wb_inode(wb->b_more_io.prev); spin_lock(&inode->i_lock); spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock); /* This function drops i_lock... */ inode_sleep_on_writeback(inode); spin_lock(&wb->list_lock); } } spin_unlock(&wb->list_lock); return nr_pages - work->nr_pages; } /* * Return the next wb_writeback_work struct that hasn't been processed yet. */ static struct wb_writeback_work * get_next_work_item(struct backing_dev_info *bdi) { struct wb_writeback_work *work = NULL; spin_lock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock); if (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list)) { work = list_entry(bdi->work_list.next, struct wb_writeback_work, list); list_del_init(&work->list); } spin_unlock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock); return work; } /* * Add in the number of potentially dirty inodes, because each inode * write can dirty pagecache in the underlying blockdev. */ static unsigned long get_nr_dirty_pages(void) { return global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) + global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) + get_nr_dirty_inodes(); } static long wb_check_background_flush(struct bdi_writeback *wb) { if (over_bground_thresh(wb->bdi)) { struct wb_writeback_work work = { .nr_pages = LONG_MAX, .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE, .for_background = 1, .range_cyclic = 1, .reason = WB_REASON_BACKGROUND, }; return wb_writeback(wb, &work); } return 0; } static long wb_check_old_data_flush(struct bdi_writeback *wb) { unsigned long expired; long nr_pages; /* * When set to zero, disable periodic writeback */ if (!dirty_writeback_interval) return 0; expired = wb->last_old_flush + msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_writeback_interval * 10); if (time_before(jiffies, expired)) return 0; wb->last_old_flush = jiffies; nr_pages = get_nr_dirty_pages(); if (nr_pages) { struct wb_writeback_work work = { .nr_pages = nr_pages, .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE, .for_kupdate = 1, .range_cyclic = 1, .reason = WB_REASON_PERIODIC, }; return wb_writeback(wb, &work); } return 0; } /* * Retrieve work items and do the writeback they describe */ static long wb_do_writeback(struct bdi_writeback *wb) { struct backing_dev_info *bdi = wb->bdi; struct wb_writeback_work *work; long wrote = 0; set_bit(BDI_writeback_running, &wb->bdi->state); while ((work = get_next_work_item(bdi)) != NULL) { trace_writeback_exec(bdi, work); wrote += wb_writeback(wb, work); /* * Notify the caller of completion if this is a synchronous * work item, otherwise just free it. */ if (work->done) complete(work->done); else kfree(work); } /* * Check for periodic writeback, kupdated() style */ wrote += wb_check_old_data_flush(wb); wrote += wb_check_background_flush(wb); clear_bit(BDI_writeback_running, &wb->bdi->state); return wrote; } /* * Handle writeback of dirty data for the device backed by this bdi. Also * reschedules periodically and does kupdated style flushing. */ void bdi_writeback_workfn(struct work_struct *work) { struct bdi_writeback *wb = container_of(to_delayed_work(work), struct bdi_writeback, dwork); struct backing_dev_info *bdi = wb->bdi; long pages_written; set_worker_desc("flush-%s", dev_name(bdi->dev)); current->flags |= PF_SWAPWRITE; if (likely(!current_is_workqueue_rescuer() || !test_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state))) { /* * The normal path. Keep writing back @bdi until its * work_list is empty. Note that this path is also taken * if @bdi is shutting down even when we're running off the * rescuer as work_list needs to be drained. */ do { pages_written = wb_do_writeback(wb); trace_writeback_pages_written(pages_written); } while (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list)); } else { /* * bdi_wq can't get enough workers and we're running off * the emergency worker. Don't hog it. Hopefully, 1024 is * enough for efficient IO. */ pages_written = writeback_inodes_wb(&bdi->wb, 1024, WB_REASON_FORKER_THREAD); trace_writeback_pages_written(pages_written); } if (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list)) mod_delayed_work(bdi_wq, &wb->dwork, 0); else if (wb_has_dirty_io(wb) && dirty_writeback_interval) bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed(bdi); current->flags &= ~PF_SWAPWRITE; } /* * Start writeback of `nr_pages' pages. If `nr_pages' is zero, write back * the whole world. */ void wakeup_flusher_threads(long nr_pages, enum wb_reason reason) { struct backing_dev_info *bdi; if (!nr_pages) nr_pages = get_nr_dirty_pages(); rcu_read_lock(); list_for_each_entry_rcu(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list) { if (!bdi_has_dirty_io(bdi)) continue; __bdi_start_writeback(bdi, nr_pages, false, reason); } rcu_read_unlock(); } /* * Wake up bdi's periodically to make sure dirtytime inodes gets * written back periodically. We deliberately do *not* check the * b_dirtytime list in wb_has_dirty_io(), since this would cause the * kernel to be constantly waking up once there are any dirtytime * inodes on the system. So instead we define a separate delayed work * function which gets called much more rarely. (By default, only * once every 12 hours.) * * If there is any other write activity going on in the file system, * this function won't be necessary. But if the only thing that has * happened on the file system is a dirtytime inode caused by an atime * update, we need this infrastructure below to make sure that inode * eventually gets pushed out to disk. */ static void wakeup_dirtytime_writeback(struct work_struct *w); static DECLARE_DELAYED_WORK(dirtytime_work, wakeup_dirtytime_writeback); static void wakeup_dirtytime_writeback(struct work_struct *w) { struct backing_dev_info *bdi; rcu_read_lock(); list_for_each_entry_rcu(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list) { if (list_empty(&bdi->wb.b_dirty_time)) continue; bdi_wakeup_thread(bdi); } rcu_read_unlock(); schedule_delayed_work(&dirtytime_work, dirtytime_expire_interval * HZ); } static int __init start_dirtytime_writeback(void) { schedule_delayed_work(&dirtytime_work, dirtytime_expire_interval * HZ); return 0; } __initcall(start_dirtytime_writeback); int dirtytime_interval_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write, void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos) { int ret; ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos); if (ret == 0 && write) mod_delayed_work(system_wq, &dirtytime_work, 0); return ret; } static noinline void block_dump___mark_inode_dirty(struct inode *inode) { if (inode->i_ino || strcmp(inode->i_sb->s_id, "bdev")) { struct dentry *dentry; const char *name = "?"; dentry = d_find_alias(inode); if (dentry) { spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock); name = (const char *) dentry->d_name.name; } printk(KERN_DEBUG "%s(%d): dirtied inode %lu (%s) on %s\n", current->comm, task_pid_nr(current), inode->i_ino, name, inode->i_sb->s_id); if (dentry) { spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock); dput(dentry); } } } /** * __mark_inode_dirty - internal function * @inode: inode to mark * @flags: what kind of dirty (i.e. I_DIRTY_SYNC) * Mark an inode as dirty. Callers should use mark_inode_dirty or * mark_inode_dirty_sync. * * Put the inode on the super block's dirty list. * * CAREFUL! We mark it dirty unconditionally, but move it onto the * dirty list only if it is hashed or if it refers to a blockdev. * If it was not hashed, it will never be added to the dirty list * even if it is later hashed, as it will have been marked dirty already. * * In short, make sure you hash any inodes _before_ you start marking * them dirty. * * Note that for blockdevs, inode->dirtied_when represents the dirtying time of * the block-special inode (/dev/hda1) itself. And the ->dirtied_when field of * the kernel-internal blockdev inode represents the dirtying time of the * blockdev's pages. This is why for I_DIRTY_PAGES we always use * page->mapping->host, so the page-dirtying time is recorded in the internal * blockdev inode. */ #define I_DIRTY_INODE (I_DIRTY_SYNC | I_DIRTY_DATASYNC) void __mark_inode_dirty(struct inode *inode, int flags) { struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb; struct backing_dev_info *bdi = NULL; int dirtytime; trace_writeback_mark_inode_dirty(inode, flags); /* * Don't do this for I_DIRTY_PAGES - that doesn't actually * dirty the inode itself */ if (flags & (I_DIRTY_SYNC | I_DIRTY_DATASYNC | I_DIRTY_TIME)) { trace_writeback_dirty_inode_start(inode, flags); if (sb->s_op->dirty_inode) sb->s_op->dirty_inode(inode, flags); trace_writeback_dirty_inode(inode, flags); } if (flags & I_DIRTY_INODE) flags &= ~I_DIRTY_TIME; dirtytime = flags & I_DIRTY_TIME; /* * Paired with smp_mb() in __writeback_single_inode() for the * following lockless i_state test. See there for details. */ smp_mb(); if (((inode->i_state & flags) == flags) || (dirtytime && (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_INODE))) return; if (unlikely(block_dump)) block_dump___mark_inode_dirty(inode); spin_lock(&inode->i_lock); if (dirtytime && (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_INODE)) goto out_unlock_inode; if ((inode->i_state & flags) != flags) { const int was_dirty = inode->i_state & I_DIRTY; if (flags & I_DIRTY_INODE) inode->i_state &= ~I_DIRTY_TIME; inode->i_state |= flags; /* * If the inode is being synced, just update its dirty state. * The unlocker will place the inode on the appropriate * superblock list, based upon its state. */ if (inode->i_state & I_SYNC) goto out_unlock_inode; /* * Only add valid (hashed) inodes to the superblock's * dirty list. Add blockdev inodes as well. */ if (!S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode)) { if (inode_unhashed(inode)) goto out_unlock_inode; } if (inode->i_state & I_FREEING) goto out_unlock_inode; /* * If the inode was already on b_dirty/b_io/b_more_io, don't * reposition it (that would break b_dirty time-ordering). */ if (!was_dirty) { bool wakeup_bdi = false; bdi = inode_to_bdi(inode); spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); spin_lock(&bdi->wb.list_lock); if (bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(bdi)) { WARN(!test_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state), "bdi-%s not registered\n", bdi->name); /* * If this is the first dirty inode for this * bdi, we have to wake-up the corresponding * bdi thread to make sure background * write-back happens later. */ if (!wb_has_dirty_io(&bdi->wb)) wakeup_bdi = true; } inode->dirtied_when = jiffies; if (dirtytime) inode->dirtied_time_when = jiffies; if (inode->i_state & (I_DIRTY_INODE | I_DIRTY_PAGES)) list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &bdi->wb.b_dirty); else list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &bdi->wb.b_dirty_time); spin_unlock(&bdi->wb.list_lock); trace_writeback_dirty_inode_enqueue(inode); if (wakeup_bdi) bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed(bdi); return; } } out_unlock_inode: spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(__mark_inode_dirty); static void wait_sb_inodes(struct super_block *sb) { struct inode *inode, *old_inode = NULL; /* * We need to be protected against the filesystem going from * r/o to r/w or vice versa. */ WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount)); spin_lock(&inode_sb_list_lock); /* * Data integrity sync. Must wait for all pages under writeback, * because there may have been pages dirtied before our sync * call, but which had writeout started before we write it out. * In which case, the inode may not be on the dirty list, but * we still have to wait for that writeout. */ list_for_each_entry(inode, &sb->s_inodes, i_sb_list) { struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping; spin_lock(&inode->i_lock); if ((inode->i_state & (I_FREEING|I_WILL_FREE|I_NEW)) || (mapping->nrpages == 0)) { spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); continue; } __iget(inode); spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock); spin_unlock(&inode_sb_list_lock); /* * We hold a reference to 'inode' so it couldn't have been * removed from s_inodes list while we dropped the * inode_sb_list_lock. We cannot iput the inode now as we can * be holding the last reference and we cannot iput it under * inode_sb_list_lock. So we keep the reference and iput it * later. */ iput(old_inode); old_inode = inode; filemap_fdatawait(mapping); cond_resched(); spin_lock(&inode_sb_list_lock); } spin_unlock(&inode_sb_list_lock); iput(old_inode); } /** * writeback_inodes_sb_nr - writeback dirty inodes from given super_block * @sb: the superblock * @nr: the number of pages to write * @reason: reason why some writeback work initiated * * Start writeback on some inodes on this super_block. No guarantees are made * on how many (if any) will be written, and this function does not wait * for IO completion of submitted IO. */ void writeback_inodes_sb_nr(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long nr, enum wb_reason reason) { DECLARE_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(done); struct wb_writeback_work work = { .sb = sb, .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE, .tagged_writepages = 1, .done = &done, .nr_pages = nr, .reason = reason, }; if (sb->s_bdi == &noop_backing_dev_info) return; WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount)); bdi_queue_work(sb->s_bdi, &work); wait_for_completion(&done); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(writeback_inodes_sb_nr); /** * writeback_inodes_sb - writeback dirty inodes from given super_block * @sb: the superblock * @reason: reason why some writeback work was initiated * * Start writeback on some inodes on this super_block. No guarantees are made * on how many (if any) will be written, and this function does not wait * for IO completion of submitted IO. */ void writeback_inodes_sb(struct super_block *sb, enum wb_reason reason) { return writeback_inodes_sb_nr(sb, get_nr_dirty_pages(), reason); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(writeback_inodes_sb); /** * try_to_writeback_inodes_sb_nr - try to start writeback if none underway * @sb: the superblock * @nr: the number of pages to write * @reason: the reason of writeback * * Invoke writeback_inodes_sb_nr if no writeback is currently underway. * Returns 1 if writeback was started, 0 if not. */ int try_to_writeback_inodes_sb_nr(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long nr, enum wb_reason reason) { if (writeback_in_progress(sb->s_bdi)) return 1; if (!down_read_trylock(&sb->s_umount)) return 0; writeback_inodes_sb_nr(sb, nr, reason); up_read(&sb->s_umount); return 1; } EXPORT_SYMBOL(try_to_writeback_inodes_sb_nr); /** * try_to_writeback_inodes_sb - try to start writeback if none underway * @sb: the superblock * @reason: reason why some writeback work was initiated * * Implement by try_to_writeback_inodes_sb_nr() * Returns 1 if writeback was started, 0 if not. */ int try_to_writeback_inodes_sb(struct super_block *sb, enum wb_reason reason) { return try_to_writeback_inodes_sb_nr(sb, get_nr_dirty_pages(), reason); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(try_to_writeback_inodes_sb); /** * sync_inodes_sb - sync sb inode pages * @sb: the superblock * * This function writes and waits on any dirty inode belonging to this * super_block. */ void sync_inodes_sb(struct super_block *sb) { DECLARE_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(done); struct wb_writeback_work work = { .sb = sb, .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_ALL, .nr_pages = LONG_MAX, .range_cyclic = 0, .done = &done, .reason = WB_REASON_SYNC, .for_sync = 1, }; /* Nothing to do? */ if (sb->s_bdi == &noop_backing_dev_info) return; WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount)); bdi_queue_work(sb->s_bdi, &work); wait_for_completion(&done); wait_sb_inodes(sb); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_inodes_sb); /** * write_inode_now - write an inode to disk * @inode: inode to write to disk * @sync: whether the write should be synchronous or not * * This function commits an inode to disk immediately if it is dirty. This is * primarily needed by knfsd. * * The caller must either have a ref on the inode or must have set I_WILL_FREE. */ int write_inode_now(struct inode *inode, int sync) { struct bdi_writeback *wb = &inode_to_bdi(inode)->wb; struct writeback_control wbc = { .nr_to_write = LONG_MAX, .sync_mode = sync ? WB_SYNC_ALL : WB_SYNC_NONE, .range_start = 0, .range_end = LLONG_MAX, }; if (!mapping_cap_writeback_dirty(inode->i_mapping)) wbc.nr_to_write = 0; might_sleep(); return writeback_single_inode(inode, wb, &wbc); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(write_inode_now); /** * sync_inode - write an inode and its pages to disk. * @inode: the inode to sync * @wbc: controls the writeback mode * * sync_inode() will write an inode and its pages to disk. It will also * correctly update the inode on its superblock's dirty inode lists and will * update inode->i_state. * * The caller must have a ref on the inode. */ int sync_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc) { return writeback_single_inode(inode, &inode_to_bdi(inode)->wb, wbc); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_inode); /** * sync_inode_metadata - write an inode to disk * @inode: the inode to sync * @wait: wait for I/O to complete. * * Write an inode to disk and adjust its dirty state after completion. * * Note: only writes the actual inode, no associated data or other metadata. */ int sync_inode_metadata(struct inode *inode, int wait) { struct writeback_control wbc = { .sync_mode = wait ? WB_SYNC_ALL : WB_SYNC_NONE, .nr_to_write = 0, /* metadata-only */ }; return sync_inode(inode, &wbc); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_inode_metadata);