From af86ca4e3088fe5eacf2f7e58c01fa68ca067672 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alexei Starovoitov Date: Tue, 15 May 2018 09:27:05 -0700 Subject: bpf: Prevent memory disambiguation attack Detect code patterns where malicious 'speculative store bypass' can be used and sanitize such patterns. 39: (bf) r3 = r10 40: (07) r3 += -216 41: (79) r8 = *(u64 *)(r7 +0) // slow read 42: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -72) = 0 // verifier inserts this instruction 43: (7b) *(u64 *)(r8 +0) = r3 // this store becomes slow due to r8 44: (79) r1 = *(u64 *)(r6 +0) // cpu speculatively executes this load 45: (71) r2 = *(u8 *)(r1 +0) // speculatively arbitrary 'load byte' // is now sanitized Above code after x86 JIT becomes: e5: mov %rbp,%rdx e8: add $0xffffffffffffff28,%rdx ef: mov 0x0(%r13),%r14 f3: movq $0x0,-0x48(%rbp) fb: mov %rdx,0x0(%r14) ff: mov 0x0(%rbx),%rdi 103: movzbq 0x0(%rdi),%rsi Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner --- kernel/bpf/verifier.c | 59 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'kernel/bpf') diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c index 5dd1dcb902bf..2ce967a63ede 100644 --- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c +++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c @@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ static bool register_is_null(struct bpf_reg_state *reg) */ static int check_stack_write(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_func_state *state, /* func where register points to */ - int off, int size, int value_regno) + int off, int size, int value_regno, int insn_idx) { struct bpf_func_state *cur; /* state of the current function */ int i, slot = -off - 1, spi = slot / BPF_REG_SIZE, err; @@ -1017,8 +1017,33 @@ static int check_stack_write(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr = cur->regs[value_regno]; state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN; - for (i = 0; i < BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) + for (i = 0; i < BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) { + if (state->stack[spi].slot_type[i] == STACK_MISC && + !env->allow_ptr_leaks) { + int *poff = &env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx].sanitize_stack_off; + int soff = (-spi - 1) * BPF_REG_SIZE; + + /* detected reuse of integer stack slot with a pointer + * which means either llvm is reusing stack slot or + * an attacker is trying to exploit CVE-2018-3639 + * (speculative store bypass) + * Have to sanitize that slot with preemptive + * store of zero. + */ + if (*poff && *poff != soff) { + /* disallow programs where single insn stores + * into two different stack slots, since verifier + * cannot sanitize them + */ + verbose(env, + "insn %d cannot access two stack slots fp%d and fp%d", + insn_idx, *poff, soff); + return -EINVAL; + } + *poff = soff; + } state->stack[spi].slot_type[i] = STACK_SPILL; + } } else { u8 type = STACK_MISC; @@ -1694,7 +1719,7 @@ static int check_mem_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx, u32 regn if (t == BPF_WRITE) err = check_stack_write(env, state, off, size, - value_regno); + value_regno, insn_idx); else err = check_stack_read(env, state, off, size, value_regno); @@ -5169,6 +5194,34 @@ static int convert_ctx_accesses(struct bpf_verifier_env *env) else continue; + if (type == BPF_WRITE && + env->insn_aux_data[i + delta].sanitize_stack_off) { + struct bpf_insn patch[] = { + /* Sanitize suspicious stack slot with zero. + * There are no memory dependencies for this store, + * since it's only using frame pointer and immediate + * constant of zero + */ + BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_FP, + env->insn_aux_data[i + delta].sanitize_stack_off, + 0), + /* the original STX instruction will immediately + * overwrite the same stack slot with appropriate value + */ + *insn, + }; + + cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(patch); + new_prog = bpf_patch_insn_data(env, i + delta, patch, cnt); + if (!new_prog) + return -ENOMEM; + + delta += cnt - 1; + env->prog = new_prog; + insn = new_prog->insnsi + i + delta; + continue; + } + if (env->insn_aux_data[i + delta].ptr_type != PTR_TO_CTX) continue; -- cgit v1.2.3 From c93552c443ebc63b14e26e46d2e76941c88e0d71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Daniel Borkmann Date: Thu, 24 May 2018 02:32:53 +0200 Subject: bpf: properly enforce index mask to prevent out-of-bounds speculation While reviewing the verifier code, I recently noticed that the following two program variants in relation to tail calls can be loaded. Variant 1: # bpftool p d x i 15 0: (15) if r1 == 0x0 goto pc+3 1: (18) r2 = map[id:5] 3: (05) goto pc+2 4: (18) r2 = map[id:6] 6: (b7) r3 = 7 7: (35) if r3 >= 0xa0 goto pc+2 8: (54) (u32) r3 &= (u32) 255 9: (85) call bpf_tail_call#12 10: (b7) r0 = 1 11: (95) exit # bpftool m s i 5 5: prog_array flags 0x0 key 4B value 4B max_entries 4 memlock 4096B # bpftool m s i 6 6: prog_array flags 0x0 key 4B value 4B max_entries 160 memlock 4096B Variant 2: # bpftool p d x i 20 0: (15) if r1 == 0x0 goto pc+3 1: (18) r2 = map[id:8] 3: (05) goto pc+2 4: (18) r2 = map[id:7] 6: (b7) r3 = 7 7: (35) if r3 >= 0x4 goto pc+2 8: (54) (u32) r3 &= (u32) 3 9: (85) call bpf_tail_call#12 10: (b7) r0 = 1 11: (95) exit # bpftool m s i 8 8: prog_array flags 0x0 key 4B value 4B max_entries 160 memlock 4096B # bpftool m s i 7 7: prog_array flags 0x0 key 4B value 4B max_entries 4 memlock 4096B In both cases the index masking inserted by the verifier in order to control out of bounds speculation from a CPU via b2157399cc98 ("bpf: prevent out-of-bounds speculation") seems to be incorrect in what it is enforcing. In the 1st variant, the mask is applied from the map with the significantly larger number of entries where we would allow to a certain degree out of bounds speculation for the smaller map, and in the 2nd variant where the mask is applied from the map with the smaller number of entries, we get buggy behavior since we truncate the index of the larger map. The original intent from commit b2157399cc98 is to reject such occasions where two or more different tail call maps are used in the same tail call helper invocation. However, the check on the BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON is never hit since we never poisoned the saved pointer in the first place! We do this explicitly for map lookups but in case of tail calls we basically used the tail call map in insn_aux_data that was processed in the most recent path which the verifier walked. Thus any prior path that stored a pointer in insn_aux_data at the helper location was always overridden. Fix it by moving the map pointer poison logic into a small helper that covers both BPF helpers with the same logic. After that in fixup_bpf_calls() the poison check is then hit for tail calls and the program rejected. Latter only happens in unprivileged case since this is the *only* occasion where a rewrite needs to happen, and where such rewrite is specific to the map (max_entries, index_mask). In the privileged case the rewrite is generic for the insn->imm / insn->code update so multiple maps from different paths can be handled just fine since all the remaining logic happens in the instruction processing itself. This is similar to the case of map lookups: in case there is a collision of maps in fixup_bpf_calls() we must skip the inlined rewrite since this will turn the generic instruction sequence into a non- generic one. Thus the patch_call_imm will simply update the insn->imm location where the bpf_map_lookup_elem() will later take care of the dispatch. Given we need this 'poison' state as a check, the information of whether a map is an unpriv_array gets lost, so enforcing it prior to that needs an additional state. In general this check is needed since there are some complex and tail call intensive BPF programs out there where LLVM tends to generate such code occasionally. We therefore convert the map_ptr rather into map_state to store all this w/o extra memory overhead, and the bit whether one of the maps involved in the collision was from an unpriv_array thus needs to be retained as well there. Fixes: b2157399cc98 ("bpf: prevent out-of-bounds speculation") Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann Acked-by: Alexei Starovoitov Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov --- include/linux/bpf_verifier.h | 2 +- kernel/bpf/verifier.c | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------ 2 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) (limited to 'kernel/bpf') diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h index 7e61c395fddf..52fb077d3c45 100644 --- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h +++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ struct bpf_verifier_state_list { struct bpf_insn_aux_data { union { enum bpf_reg_type ptr_type; /* pointer type for load/store insns */ - struct bpf_map *map_ptr; /* pointer for call insn into lookup_elem */ + unsigned long map_state; /* pointer/poison value for maps */ s32 call_imm; /* saved imm field of call insn */ }; int ctx_field_size; /* the ctx field size for load insn, maybe 0 */ diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c index 5dd1dcb902bf..dcebf3f7365c 100644 --- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c +++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c @@ -156,7 +156,29 @@ struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem { #define BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_INSNS 131072 #define BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_STACK 1024 -#define BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON ((void *)0xeB9F + POISON_POINTER_DELTA) +#define BPF_MAP_PTR_UNPRIV 1UL +#define BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON ((void *)((0xeB9FUL << 1) + \ + POISON_POINTER_DELTA)) +#define BPF_MAP_PTR(X) ((struct bpf_map *)((X) & ~BPF_MAP_PTR_UNPRIV)) + +static bool bpf_map_ptr_poisoned(const struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux) +{ + return BPF_MAP_PTR(aux->map_state) == BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON; +} + +static bool bpf_map_ptr_unpriv(const struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux) +{ + return aux->map_state & BPF_MAP_PTR_UNPRIV; +} + +static void bpf_map_ptr_store(struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux, + const struct bpf_map *map, bool unpriv) +{ + BUILD_BUG_ON((unsigned long)BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON & BPF_MAP_PTR_UNPRIV); + unpriv |= bpf_map_ptr_unpriv(aux); + aux->map_state = (unsigned long)map | + (unpriv ? BPF_MAP_PTR_UNPRIV : 0UL); +} struct bpf_call_arg_meta { struct bpf_map *map_ptr; @@ -2333,6 +2355,29 @@ static int prepare_func_exit(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int *insn_idx) return 0; } +static int +record_func_map(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_call_arg_meta *meta, + int func_id, int insn_idx) +{ + struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux = &env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx]; + + if (func_id != BPF_FUNC_tail_call && + func_id != BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem) + return 0; + if (meta->map_ptr == NULL) { + verbose(env, "kernel subsystem misconfigured verifier\n"); + return -EINVAL; + } + + if (!BPF_MAP_PTR(aux->map_state)) + bpf_map_ptr_store(aux, meta->map_ptr, + meta->map_ptr->unpriv_array); + else if (BPF_MAP_PTR(aux->map_state) != meta->map_ptr) + bpf_map_ptr_store(aux, BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON, + meta->map_ptr->unpriv_array); + return 0; +} + static int check_helper_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int func_id, int insn_idx) { const struct bpf_func_proto *fn = NULL; @@ -2387,13 +2432,6 @@ static int check_helper_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int func_id, int insn err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_2, fn->arg2_type, &meta); if (err) return err; - if (func_id == BPF_FUNC_tail_call) { - if (meta.map_ptr == NULL) { - verbose(env, "verifier bug\n"); - return -EINVAL; - } - env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx].map_ptr = meta.map_ptr; - } err = check_func_arg(env, BPF_REG_3, fn->arg3_type, &meta); if (err) return err; @@ -2404,6 +2442,10 @@ static int check_helper_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int func_id, int insn if (err) return err; + err = record_func_map(env, &meta, func_id, insn_idx); + if (err) + return err; + /* Mark slots with STACK_MISC in case of raw mode, stack offset * is inferred from register state. */ @@ -2428,8 +2470,6 @@ static int check_helper_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int func_id, int insn } else if (fn->ret_type == RET_VOID) { regs[BPF_REG_0].type = NOT_INIT; } else if (fn->ret_type == RET_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL) { - struct bpf_insn_aux_data *insn_aux; - regs[BPF_REG_0].type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL; /* There is no offset yet applied, variable or fixed */ mark_reg_known_zero(env, regs, BPF_REG_0); @@ -2445,11 +2485,6 @@ static int check_helper_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int func_id, int insn } regs[BPF_REG_0].map_ptr = meta.map_ptr; regs[BPF_REG_0].id = ++env->id_gen; - insn_aux = &env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx]; - if (!insn_aux->map_ptr) - insn_aux->map_ptr = meta.map_ptr; - else if (insn_aux->map_ptr != meta.map_ptr) - insn_aux->map_ptr = BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON; } else { verbose(env, "unknown return type %d of func %s#%d\n", fn->ret_type, func_id_name(func_id), func_id); @@ -5417,6 +5452,7 @@ static int fixup_bpf_calls(struct bpf_verifier_env *env) struct bpf_insn *insn = prog->insnsi; const struct bpf_func_proto *fn; const int insn_cnt = prog->len; + struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux; struct bpf_insn insn_buf[16]; struct bpf_prog *new_prog; struct bpf_map *map_ptr; @@ -5491,19 +5527,22 @@ static int fixup_bpf_calls(struct bpf_verifier_env *env) insn->imm = 0; insn->code = BPF_JMP | BPF_TAIL_CALL; + aux = &env->insn_aux_data[i + delta]; + if (!bpf_map_ptr_unpriv(aux)) + continue; + /* instead of changing every JIT dealing with tail_call * emit two extra insns: * if (index >= max_entries) goto out; * index &= array->index_mask; * to avoid out-of-bounds cpu speculation */ - map_ptr = env->insn_aux_data[i + delta].map_ptr; - if (map_ptr == BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON) { + if (bpf_map_ptr_poisoned(aux)) { verbose(env, "tail_call abusing map_ptr\n"); return -EINVAL; } - if (!map_ptr->unpriv_array) - continue; + + map_ptr = BPF_MAP_PTR(aux->map_state); insn_buf[0] = BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JGE, BPF_REG_3, map_ptr->max_entries, 2); insn_buf[1] = BPF_ALU32_IMM(BPF_AND, BPF_REG_3, @@ -5527,9 +5566,12 @@ static int fixup_bpf_calls(struct bpf_verifier_env *env) */ if (prog->jit_requested && BITS_PER_LONG == 64 && insn->imm == BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem) { - map_ptr = env->insn_aux_data[i + delta].map_ptr; - if (map_ptr == BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON || - !map_ptr->ops->map_gen_lookup) + aux = &env->insn_aux_data[i + delta]; + if (bpf_map_ptr_poisoned(aux)) + goto patch_call_imm; + + map_ptr = BPF_MAP_PTR(aux->map_state); + if (!map_ptr->ops->map_gen_lookup) goto patch_call_imm; cnt = map_ptr->ops->map_gen_lookup(map_ptr, insn_buf); -- cgit v1.2.3