kcov: remote coverage support

Patch series " kcov: collect coverage from usb and vhost", v3.

This patchset extends kcov to allow collecting coverage from backgound
kernel threads.  This extension requires custom annotations for each of
the places where coverage collection is desired.  This patchset
implements this for hub events in the USB subsystem and for vhost
workers.  See the first patch description for details about the kcov
extension.  The other two patches apply this kcov extension to USB and
vhost.

Examples of other subsystems that might potentially benefit from this
when custom annotations are added (the list is based on
process_one_work() callers for bugs recently reported by syzbot):

1. fs: writeback wb_workfn() worker,
2. net: addrconf_dad_work()/addrconf_verify_work() workers,
3. net: neigh_periodic_work() worker,
4. net/p9: p9_write_work()/p9_read_work() workers,
5. block: blk_mq_run_work_fn() worker.

These patches have been used to enable coverage-guided USB fuzzing with
syzkaller for the last few years, see the details here:

  https://github.com/google/syzkaller/blob/master/docs/linux/external_fuzzing_usb.md

This patchset has been pushed to the public Linux kernel Gerrit
instance:

  https://linux-review.googlesource.com/c/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux/+/1524

This patch (of 3):

Add background thread coverage collection ability to kcov.

With KCOV_ENABLE coverage is collected only for syscalls that are issued
from the current process.  With KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE it's possible to
collect coverage for arbitrary parts of the kernel code, provided that
those parts are annotated with kcov_remote_start()/kcov_remote_stop().

This allows to collect coverage from two types of kernel background
threads: the global ones, that are spawned during kernel boot in a
limited number of instances (e.g.  one USB hub_event() worker thread is
spawned per USB HCD); and the local ones, that are spawned when a user
interacts with some kernel interface (e.g.  vhost workers).

To enable collecting coverage from a global background thread, a unique
global handle must be assigned and passed to the corresponding
kcov_remote_start() call.  Then a userspace process can pass a list of
such handles to the KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE ioctl in the handles array field
of the kcov_remote_arg struct.  This will attach the used kcov device to
the code sections, that are referenced by those handles.

Since there might be many local background threads spawned from
different userspace processes, we can't use a single global handle per
annotation.  Instead, the userspace process passes a non-zero handle
through the common_handle field of the kcov_remote_arg struct.  This
common handle gets saved to the kcov_handle field in the current
task_struct and needs to be passed to the newly spawned threads via
custom annotations.  Those threads should in turn be annotated with
kcov_remote_start()/kcov_remote_stop().

Internally kcov stores handles as u64 integers.  The top byte of a
handle is used to denote the id of a subsystem that this handle belongs
to, and the lower 4 bytes are used to denote the id of a thread instance
within that subsystem.  A reserved value 0 is used as a subsystem id for
common handles as they don't belong to a particular subsystem.  The
bytes 4-7 are currently reserved and must be zero.  In the future the
number of bytes used for the subsystem or handle ids might be increased.

When a particular userspace process collects coverage by via a common
handle, kcov will collect coverage for each code section that is
annotated to use the common handle obtained as kcov_handle from the
current task_struct.  However non common handles allow to collect
coverage selectively from different subsystems.

Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/e90e315426a384207edbec1d6aa89e43008e4caf.1572366574.git.andreyknvl@google.com
Signed-off-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Cc: "Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: Jason Wang <jasowang@redhat.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: David Windsor <dwindsor@gmail.com>
Cc: Elena Reshetova <elena.reshetova@intel.com>
Cc: Anders Roxell <anders.roxell@linaro.org>
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

3 files changed, 59 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/include/linux/kcov.h b/include/linux/kcov.h
index b76a1807028d..a10e84707d82 100644
--- a/include/linux/kcov.h
+++ b/include/linux/kcov.h
@@ -37,12 +37,35 @@ do {						\
 	(t)->kcov_mode &= ~KCOV_IN_CTXSW;	\
 } while (0)
 
+/* See Documentation/dev-tools/kcov.rst for usage details. */
+void kcov_remote_start(u64 handle);
+void kcov_remote_stop(void);
+u64 kcov_common_handle(void);
+
+static inline void kcov_remote_start_common(u64 id)
+{
+	kcov_remote_start(kcov_remote_handle(KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_COMMON, id));
+}
+
+static inline void kcov_remote_start_usb(u64 id)
+{
+	kcov_remote_start(kcov_remote_handle(KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_USB, id));
+}
+
 #else
 
 static inline void kcov_task_init(struct task_struct *t) {}
 static inline void kcov_task_exit(struct task_struct *t) {}
 static inline void kcov_prepare_switch(struct task_struct *t) {}
 static inline void kcov_finish_switch(struct task_struct *t) {}
+static inline void kcov_remote_start(u64 handle) {}
+static inline void kcov_remote_stop(void) {}
+static inline u64 kcov_common_handle(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+static inline void kcov_remote_start_common(u64 id) {}
+static inline void kcov_remote_start_usb(u64 id) {}
 
 #endif /* CONFIG_KCOV */
 #endif /* _LINUX_KCOV_H */
diff --git a/include/linux/sched.h b/include/linux/sched.h
index 0cd97d9dd021..467d26046416 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched.h
@@ -1210,6 +1210,8 @@ struct task_struct {
 #endif /* CONFIG_TRACING */
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_KCOV
+	/* See kernel/kcov.c for more details. */
+
 	/* Coverage collection mode enabled for this task (0 if disabled): */
 	unsigned int			kcov_mode;
 
@@ -1221,6 +1223,12 @@ struct task_struct {
 
 	/* KCOV descriptor wired with this task or NULL: */
 	struct kcov			*kcov;
+
+	/* KCOV common handle for remote coverage collection: */
+	u64				kcov_handle;
+
+	/* KCOV sequence number: */
+	int				kcov_sequence;
 #endif
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/kcov.h b/include/uapi/linux/kcov.h
index 9529867717a8..409d3ad1e6e2 100644
--- a/include/uapi/linux/kcov.h
+++ b/include/uapi/linux/kcov.h
@@ -4,9 +4,24 @@
 
 #include <linux/types.h>
 
+/*
+ * Argument for KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE ioctl, see Documentation/dev-tools/kcov.rst
+ * and the comment before kcov_remote_start() for usage details.
+ */
+struct kcov_remote_arg {
+	unsigned int	trace_mode;	/* KCOV_TRACE_PC or KCOV_TRACE_CMP */
+	unsigned int	area_size;	/* Length of coverage buffer in words */
+	unsigned int	num_handles;	/* Size of handles array */
+	__u64		common_handle;
+	__u64		handles[0];
+};
+
+#define KCOV_REMOTE_MAX_HANDLES		0x100
+
 #define KCOV_INIT_TRACE			_IOR('c', 1, unsigned long)
 #define KCOV_ENABLE			_IO('c', 100)
 #define KCOV_DISABLE			_IO('c', 101)
+#define KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE		_IOW('c', 102, struct kcov_remote_arg)
 
 enum {
 	/*
@@ -32,4 +47,17 @@ enum {
 #define KCOV_CMP_SIZE(n)        ((n) << 1)
 #define KCOV_CMP_MASK           KCOV_CMP_SIZE(3)
 
+#define KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_COMMON	(0x00ull << 56)
+#define KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_USB	(0x01ull << 56)
+
+#define KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_MASK	(0xffull << 56)
+#define KCOV_INSTANCE_MASK	(0xffffffffull)
+
+static inline __u64 kcov_remote_handle(__u64 subsys, __u64 inst)
+{
+	if (subsys & ~KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_MASK || inst & ~KCOV_INSTANCE_MASK)
+		return 0;
+	return subsys | inst;
+}
+
 #endif /* _LINUX_KCOV_IOCTLS_H */